The growing availability of routinely collected health information stored in electronic Healthcare Utilization Databases (HUDs) has transformed the assessment of population health. When supported by appropriate epidemiological and statistical methodologies, studies based on HUDs allow the analysis of treatment effectiveness, disease trends, risk stratification, and access to care in real-world practice, dimensions that randomized controlled trials cannot fully capture, thus generating evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. Despite the developments in recent years of methods, algorithms, and study designs aimed at addressing the limitations of observational research based on these secondary healthcare data, challenges remain in adapting these methodological approaches to complex real-world contexts and to the actual availability of information, in order to generate credible evidence. To this end, the thesis explores the potential of HUDs and methodological and technical challenges that arise when these data are used to generate real-world evidence on population health and healthcare access across five specific settings. The thesis is structured as follows. First, characteristics of HUDs, with specific consideration of the Italian context, their advantages and limitations when used as a data source for epidemiological research, and an overview of the methods to overcome these limits are provided. The second part pertains to the specific studies conducted within the framework of this doctoral research. Given the particular importance of multicomobidity measures as tools for patient stratification to provide personalized healthcare, and for health policy planning, the external validation of the Multisource Comorbidity Score in a context different from the Italian in which it was developed, was performed. The study supports the potential of the tool to be transferred in countries with similar healthcare systems, provided that differences in coding systems, data availability, and healthcare organizational systems are carefully examined. The two additional population-based studies explored health and healthcare in chronic diseases, to provide evidence on the coexistence of diabetes and coeliac disease and the occurrence of avoidable hospital admissions in diabetic patients related to the immigrant background. The studies address considerations for appropriate cohort selection and the ability to identify immigrant background through HUDs as well as the impact of the temporal availability of the latter to study rare events. The thesis further explores the use of HUDs in the surveillance of acute conditions, focusing on acquired brain injury and its severe cases. Despite inherent limitations, particularly the lack of clinical severity scales recorded in HUDs, the integration of multiple data sources and the development of algorithms to detect the disease are reported. Results related to the trend analysis provide relevant insights for healthcare planning and prevention strategies. Finally, the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on access to emergency care was examined using interrupted time series analysis, revealing persistent reductions in emergency department utilization during the pandemic, with different patterns according to the urgency level. Although the data refer to a single emergency department, methodological considerations can be easily transferred using HUDs to provide a population-based evaluation useful in guiding future emergency healthcare strategies. The thesis emphasizes the role of HUDs in supporting population health assessment, access to care, and service performance in chronic, acute, and health emergency contexts. At the same time, it highlights persistent challenges, which indicate clear directions for future methodological and infrastructural improvements.
La crescente disponibilità di informazioni sanitarie raccolte sistematicamente nei database amministrativi elettronici (HUDs) ha trasformato la valutazione della salute della popolazione. Supportati da adeguate metodologie epidemiologiche e statistiche, gli studi basati su HUDs consentono di analizzare efficacia dei trattamenti, andamento delle malattie, stratificazione del rischio e accesso alle cure nella pratica reale, aspetti non completamente rilevabili dagli studi randomizzati controllati, fornendo quindi evidenze a supporto delle decisioni sanitarie. Nonostante lo sviluppo di metodi, algoritmi e disegni di studio volti a superare i limiti dei dati amministrativi, permangono sfide legate alla loro applicazione in contesti complessi e alla disponibilità delle informazioni, che possono limitare la solidità delle evidenze prodotte. La tesi analizza le potenzialità degli HUDs e le principali sfide metodologiche nell’utilizzo di tali dati per generare evidenze real-world sulla salute della popolazione e sull’accesso all’assistenza sanitaria in cinque ambiti specifici. Nella prima parte della tesi vengono descritte le caratteristiche degli HUDs, con particolare riferimento al contesto italiano, i loro vantaggi e limiti come fonte di dati per la ricerca epidemiologica, e una panoramica dei metodi utili a superarli. La seconda parte presenta gli studi sviluppati nell’ambito della ricerca di dottorato. Data l’importanza delle misure di multicomorbosità come strumenti di stratificazione dei pazienti per fornire cure personalizzate e per la programmazione sanitaria, è stata effettuata la validazione esterna del Multisource Comorbidity Score in un contesto diverso da quello italiano in cui è stato sviluppato. Lo studio evidenzia il potenziale dello strumento ad essere trasferito in paesi con sistemi sanitari analoghi, sottolineando la necessità di valutare con attenzione le differenze nei sistemi di codifica, nella disponibilità dei dati e nell’organizzazione dell’assistenza sanitaria. I due ulteriori studi di popolazione hanno indagato la salute e l'assistenza sanitaria nelle malattie croniche, per fornire evidenze sulla coesistenza di diabete e celiachia e sull'incidenza di ricoveri evitabili nei pazienti diabetici correlati al background migratorio. Gli studi affrontano considerazioni per un'appropriata selezione della coorte e la capacità di identificare lo status migratorio attraverso gli HUDs, nonché l'impatto della disponibilità temporale di questi ultimi per studiare eventi rari. La tesi approfondisce inoltre l’uso degli HUDs nella sorveglianza di condizioni acute, le lesioni cerebrali acquisite e le forme severe. Oltre ai limiti intrinseci, come la mancanza di scale di gravità clinica negli HUDs, lo studio riporta l’utilizzo di più fonti di dati e lo sviluppo di algoritmi per tracciare la condizione di interesse. I risultati dell'analisi del trend forniscono informazioni rilevanti per la pianificazione sanitaria e le strategie di prevenzione. Infine, l’impatto della pandemia di SARS-CoV-2 sull’accesso al servizio di emergenza è stato analizzato mediante l’analisi delle serie temporali interrotte, evidenziando riduzioni persistenti nell’accesso ai dipartimenti di emergenza durante la pandemia, con pattern diversi rispetto ai livelli di gravità. Sebbene i dati si riferiscano a un singolo dipartimento, le considerazioni metodologiche possono essere facilmente trasferite utilizzando gli HUDs per fornire una valutazione basata sulla popolazione utile per orientare le future strategie sanitarie in condizioni di emergenza. La tesi evidenzia il ruolo degli HUDs nel supportare la valutazione della salute della popolazione, l'accesso alle cure e la performance dei servizi in contesti cronici, acuti ed emergenziali. Allo stesso tempo, evidenzia sfide persistenti che indicano chiare direzioni per futuri miglioramenti metodologici e infrastrutturali.
Evaluating population health and healthcare access through secondary health data: from chronic conditions to health emergencies / Fontanarosa, Alessandro. - (2026 Mar 24).
Evaluating population health and healthcare access through secondary health data: from chronic conditions to health emergencies
Fontanarosa, Alessandro
2026-03-24
Abstract
The growing availability of routinely collected health information stored in electronic Healthcare Utilization Databases (HUDs) has transformed the assessment of population health. When supported by appropriate epidemiological and statistical methodologies, studies based on HUDs allow the analysis of treatment effectiveness, disease trends, risk stratification, and access to care in real-world practice, dimensions that randomized controlled trials cannot fully capture, thus generating evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. Despite the developments in recent years of methods, algorithms, and study designs aimed at addressing the limitations of observational research based on these secondary healthcare data, challenges remain in adapting these methodological approaches to complex real-world contexts and to the actual availability of information, in order to generate credible evidence. To this end, the thesis explores the potential of HUDs and methodological and technical challenges that arise when these data are used to generate real-world evidence on population health and healthcare access across five specific settings. The thesis is structured as follows. First, characteristics of HUDs, with specific consideration of the Italian context, their advantages and limitations when used as a data source for epidemiological research, and an overview of the methods to overcome these limits are provided. The second part pertains to the specific studies conducted within the framework of this doctoral research. Given the particular importance of multicomobidity measures as tools for patient stratification to provide personalized healthcare, and for health policy planning, the external validation of the Multisource Comorbidity Score in a context different from the Italian in which it was developed, was performed. The study supports the potential of the tool to be transferred in countries with similar healthcare systems, provided that differences in coding systems, data availability, and healthcare organizational systems are carefully examined. The two additional population-based studies explored health and healthcare in chronic diseases, to provide evidence on the coexistence of diabetes and coeliac disease and the occurrence of avoidable hospital admissions in diabetic patients related to the immigrant background. The studies address considerations for appropriate cohort selection and the ability to identify immigrant background through HUDs as well as the impact of the temporal availability of the latter to study rare events. The thesis further explores the use of HUDs in the surveillance of acute conditions, focusing on acquired brain injury and its severe cases. Despite inherent limitations, particularly the lack of clinical severity scales recorded in HUDs, the integration of multiple data sources and the development of algorithms to detect the disease are reported. Results related to the trend analysis provide relevant insights for healthcare planning and prevention strategies. Finally, the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on access to emergency care was examined using interrupted time series analysis, revealing persistent reductions in emergency department utilization during the pandemic, with different patterns according to the urgency level. Although the data refer to a single emergency department, methodological considerations can be easily transferred using HUDs to provide a population-based evaluation useful in guiding future emergency healthcare strategies. The thesis emphasizes the role of HUDs in supporting population health assessment, access to care, and service performance in chronic, acute, and health emergency contexts. At the same time, it highlights persistent challenges, which indicate clear directions for future methodological and infrastructural improvements.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


