Circular economy in the agri-food sector: A literature review on implementation, interventions, and outcomes

Purpose: This study aims to examine circular economy (CE) practices in the agri-food sector, identifying trends, gaps, and interventions to enhance sustainability in food production and consumption, while assessing the environmental, economic, and social impacts of 9Rs framework strategies. Originality/value: The relevance and originality of this study lie in its unique application of the 9Rs model to diagnose interventions and link them to tangible outcomes in agri-food systems. Design/methodology/approach: We conducted a systematic literature review, including 70 studies (with 13 analyzed qualitatively), combined with bibliometric mapping using R (Bibliometrix package, v4.2.3) and deductive content analysis in ATLAS.ti (v24) to evaluate 9Rs interventions and their impacts. Findings: The findings reveal that reduction is the most prevalent 9R strategy, with impacts primarily environmental (42.73%), followed by economic (34.68%) and social (22.59%). Key themes include food loss/ waste, supply chain efficiency, food security, and circular bioeconomy, demonstrating the interdisciplinary integration of technology and sustainability. Contribution/implication: This study contributes to CE and agri-food sustainability literature by empirically validating 9Rs interventions and their outcomes. Methodologically, it advances mixed-methods research through systematic bibliometric and qualitative analysis. Practically, it equips policymakers and industry stakeholders with actionable insights to drive regional circular transitions. Additionally, it calls for greater emphasis on social impacts, often underrepresented in CE strategies.