In recent years, the control of airborne contaminants has been of great interest in improving Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), especially because the concentrations often exceed the limits established by different organizations. This requires the adoption of a series of precautionary measures. Particulate Matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants like Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) or Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) represent a considerable problem both for the environment and for humans. In light of this, it becomes imperative to act at the root of the problem by reducing the origin of indoor air pollutants (especially anthropogenic) as much as possible, but also by identifying purifying systems that improve IAQ. It is precisely in this last context that the aim of the following study fits the material science and engineering purposes, where developing the next generation of materials and systems improves existing solutions and drives innovations. Currently, due to the increased environmental awareness reducing greenhouse gas emissions, addressing resource depletion and environmental pollution, and optimizing waste management have become global hot topics and the challenge is to design green and sustainable systems that reduce air pollutants. This thesis deals with different approaches for indoor air pollutants capture and degradation. In particular, highly efficient air filters that can be used for PM removal have been fabricated via electrospinning technique where biodegradable polymers and solvents with reduced toxicity were used. The samples produced were then tested in order to determine their particulate filtration efficiency and compared with the commercially available filters. The second part of the study instead, is focused on the adsorbents, in particular, on activated carbon and biochar preparation. Activated carbon is one of the most used adsorbents, with a very high specific surface area and a well-developed pore structure, which make it suitable for use as an adsorbent for the removal of gaseous pollutants. However, the main issue present throughout the entire process of producing these materials is the use of nonrenewable precursors, such as petroleum residues, coal, peat, and lignite, which are associated with high costs and extensive energy consumption. This thesis presents alternative precursors, like wasted coffee grounds and olive stones, for the production of the adsorbents. Obtained carbon materials and commercially available activated carbon, were characterized and examined for VOCs removal applications. Furthermore, two commercial TiO2 photocatalytic agents have been selected and tested in terms of depolluting properties. Moreover, possible application of novel potassium vanadate photocatalytic agent for indoor air pollutants abatement have been considered. The selection of the best performing photocatalytic agent on a lab-scale was the first part of the project related to development of multifunctional finishing. Combined systems were also investigated as a way to enhance pollutant removal. In particular, activated carbon-electrospun filters were designed and tested in terms of PM and VOCs removal. Whereas potassium vanadate’s specific surface area was improved by mixing with zeolite. Obtained composite’s properties were evaluated by means of VOCs and NOx removal. Moreover, innovative finish with photocatalytic and adsorptive properties has been tested in a lab and pilot-scale conditions. Additionally, commercially available single filters or multi-layer systems for air purification were evaluated in terms of filtration/adsorption/ photocatalytic degradation in lab-scale and pilot-scale.
Negli ultimi anni, il controllo dei contaminanti presenti nell’aria è stato di grande interesse per migliorare la qualità dell’aria interna (IAQ). Soprattutto perché le concentrazioni spesso superano i limiti stabiliti da diverse istituzioni e organizzazioni, richiedendo quindi l’adozione di una serie di misure precauzionali. Il particolato (PM) e gli inquinanti gassosi come i Composti Organici Volatili (COV) o gli Ossidi di Azoto (NOX) rappresentano un problema considerevole sia per l’ambiente che per la salute umana. Alla luce di ciò, diventa imperativo agire alla radice del problema riducendo il più possibile alla sorgente gli inquinanti dell’aria indoor (soprattutto di origine antropica), ma anche individuando sistemi depurativi che migliorino la IAQ. È proprio in quest’ultimo contesto che lo scopo del seguente studio si adatta agli scopi della scienza dei materiali e dell’ingegneria, dove lo sviluppo della prossima generazione di materiali e sistemi di materiali migliora le soluzioni esistenti e guida le innovazioni. Attualmente, a causa della maggiore consapevolezza ambientale, la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, la lotta all’esaurimento delle risorse e all’inquinamento ambientale e l’ottimizzazione della gestione dei rifiuti sono diventati temi caldi a livello globale e la sfida è progettare sistemi “verdi” e sostenibili che riducano gli inquinanti atmosferici. Questa tesi tratta diversi approcci per la cattura e la degradazione degli inquinanti atmosferici interni. In particolare, sono stati fabbricati filtri dell'aria altamente efficienti che possono essere utilizzati per la rimozione del particolato mediante la tecnica dell'elettrofilatura in cui sono stati utilizzati polimeri biodegradabili e solventi a bassa tossicità. I campioni prodotti sono stati poi testati per determinarne l'efficienza di filtrazione del particolato e confrontati con i filtri disponibili in commercio. La seconda parte dello studio, invece, è focalizzata sugli adsorbenti, in particolare sulla preparazione di carbone attivo e biochar. Il carbone attivo è uno degli adsorbenti più utilizzati, con un'area superficiale specifica molto elevata e una struttura dei pori ben sviluppata, che lo rendono adatto all'uso come adsorbente per la rimozione di inquinanti gassosi. Tuttavia, il problema principale presente durante l’intero processo di produzione di questi materiali è l’uso di precursori non rinnovabili, come residui di petrolio, carbone, torba e lignite, che sono associati a costi elevati e ad un ampio consumo di energia. Questa tesi presenta precursori alternativi, come fondi di caffè e noccioli di oliva, per la produzione degli adsorbenti. I materiali carboniosi ottenuti e il carbone attivo disponibile in commercio sono stati caratterizzati ed esaminati per applicazioni di rimozione dei COV. Inoltre, due agenti fotocatalitici commerciali TiO2 sono stati selezionati e testati in termini di proprietà disinquinanti. Inoltre, è stata presa in considerazione la possibile applicazione del nuovo agente fotocatalitico di vanadiato di potassio per l'abbattimento degli inquinanti dell'aria interna. La selezione dell'agente fotocatalitico più performante su scala di laboratorio ha rappresentato la prima parte del progetto relativa allo sviluppo di una finitura multifunzionale. Sono stati inoltre studiati sistemi combinati come metodo per migliorare la rimozione degli inquinanti. In particolare, sono stati progettati e testati filtri elettrofilati a carboni attivi in termini di rimozione di PM e COV. Mentre la superficie specifica del vanadiato di potassio è stata migliorata mescolandola con la zeolite. Le proprietà del composito ottenuto sono state valutate mediante rimozione di COV e NOx. Inoltre, una finitura innovativa con proprietà fotocatalitiche e adsorbenti è stata testata in laboratorio e su scala pilota. Infine, i filtri singoli disponibili in commercio o i sistemi multistrato per la purificazione dell’aria sono stati valutati in termini di filtrazione/adsorbimento/degradazione fotocatalitica su scala di laboratorio e su scala pilota.
Sustainable materials for improving Indoor Air Quality / Czerwinska, Natalia. - (2024 Jun 17).
Sustainable materials for improving Indoor Air Quality
CZERWINSKA, NATALIA
2024-06-17
Abstract
In recent years, the control of airborne contaminants has been of great interest in improving Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), especially because the concentrations often exceed the limits established by different organizations. This requires the adoption of a series of precautionary measures. Particulate Matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants like Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) or Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) represent a considerable problem both for the environment and for humans. In light of this, it becomes imperative to act at the root of the problem by reducing the origin of indoor air pollutants (especially anthropogenic) as much as possible, but also by identifying purifying systems that improve IAQ. It is precisely in this last context that the aim of the following study fits the material science and engineering purposes, where developing the next generation of materials and systems improves existing solutions and drives innovations. Currently, due to the increased environmental awareness reducing greenhouse gas emissions, addressing resource depletion and environmental pollution, and optimizing waste management have become global hot topics and the challenge is to design green and sustainable systems that reduce air pollutants. This thesis deals with different approaches for indoor air pollutants capture and degradation. In particular, highly efficient air filters that can be used for PM removal have been fabricated via electrospinning technique where biodegradable polymers and solvents with reduced toxicity were used. The samples produced were then tested in order to determine their particulate filtration efficiency and compared with the commercially available filters. The second part of the study instead, is focused on the adsorbents, in particular, on activated carbon and biochar preparation. Activated carbon is one of the most used adsorbents, with a very high specific surface area and a well-developed pore structure, which make it suitable for use as an adsorbent for the removal of gaseous pollutants. However, the main issue present throughout the entire process of producing these materials is the use of nonrenewable precursors, such as petroleum residues, coal, peat, and lignite, which are associated with high costs and extensive energy consumption. This thesis presents alternative precursors, like wasted coffee grounds and olive stones, for the production of the adsorbents. Obtained carbon materials and commercially available activated carbon, were characterized and examined for VOCs removal applications. Furthermore, two commercial TiO2 photocatalytic agents have been selected and tested in terms of depolluting properties. Moreover, possible application of novel potassium vanadate photocatalytic agent for indoor air pollutants abatement have been considered. The selection of the best performing photocatalytic agent on a lab-scale was the first part of the project related to development of multifunctional finishing. Combined systems were also investigated as a way to enhance pollutant removal. In particular, activated carbon-electrospun filters were designed and tested in terms of PM and VOCs removal. Whereas potassium vanadate’s specific surface area was improved by mixing with zeolite. Obtained composite’s properties were evaluated by means of VOCs and NOx removal. Moreover, innovative finish with photocatalytic and adsorptive properties has been tested in a lab and pilot-scale conditions. Additionally, commercially available single filters or multi-layer systems for air purification were evaluated in terms of filtration/adsorption/ photocatalytic degradation in lab-scale and pilot-scale.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_Czerwinska.pdf
accesso aperto
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza d'uso:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
12.06 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
12.06 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.