Microplastics (MPs) are ingested by marine organisms at all trophic levels with the potential to induce adverse biological effects. In this thesis, the distribution of MPs along a typical marine food web was assessed in representative species from the Northern, Central and Southern Adriatic Sea. Results revealed that MPs ingestion is widespread, with the occurrence of at least one item in approximately 26% of the 475 analyzed specimens. Higher frequencies were observed in organisms of Central and Southern areas than of the Northern, suggesting the influence of the different hydrographic characteristics. Instead, no clear relationship could be define between abundance of ingested MPs and trophic position, feeding mode or habitat of species. Characterization of extracted MPs by microscopy and µFTIR technology highlighted geographical differences also in terms of size, shape and polymer typology. The ecotoxicological effects of MPs and their role as vehicles of PAHs were investigated in the Mediterranean mussels exposed to polyethylene microparticles, both virgin and pre-contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene. After ingestion, MPs were observed in different tissues causing a significant bioaccumulation of B(a)P. Analyses of molecular and cellular biomarkers highlighted the high susceptibility of the immunological parameters, while minor effects were measured for antioxidant system, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxic and genotoxic responses. The threat of MPs in aquatic ecosystems is posing new challenges also in managment of Wastewater Treatment Plants, which represent one route for MPs to enter the environment. An Italian facility was selected to assess the effeciency of different wastewater treatment processes in removing MPs from the influent. A step by step reduction of MPs was detected, with a total removal efficiency of 84%. However, 160,000,000 MPs/day are still released by the plant, mainly of polyester and polyamide and a great amount of MPs is deposited in the sludges, that are re-used in agriculture. This study provided new insights on distribution of MPs in Adriatic organisms, their potential toxicity and the need to improve technologies in WWTPs to limit MPs input in the environment.
In questa tesi, la distribuzione delle microplastiche (MP) lungo una tipica rete alimentare marina è stata valutata in specie rappresentative dal Mare Adriatico settentrionale, centrale e meridionale. I risultati hanno mostrato che l’ingestione di MP è diffusa, con la presenza di almeno una particella in circa il 26% dei 475 campioni analizzati. Frequenze più alte sono state riscontrate negli organismi del Centro e del Sud rispetto al Nord, suggerendo l’influenza delle diverse caratteristiche idrografiche. Invece, non è stato possibile definire una chiara relazione tra abbondanza di MP ingerite e posizione trofica, modalità di alimentazione o habitat delle specie. La caratterizzazione delle MP estratte, mediante microscopia e tecnologia μFTIR, ha evidenziato differenze geografiche anche in termini di dimensioni, forma e tipologia dei polimeri. Gli effetti ecotossicologici delle MP e il loro ruolo nel veicolare IPA sono stati studiati nei mitili mediterranei esposti a MP di polietilene, vergini e pre-contaminate con benzo(a)pirene. Dopo l’ingestione, le MP sono state riscontrate in diversi tessuti causando un significativo bioaccumulo di B(a)P. Le analisi dei biomarkers molecolari e cellulari hanno evidenziato l’elevata suscettibilità del sistema immunitario, mentre effetti minori sono stati misurati per il sistema antiossidante, la perossidazione lipidica, le risposte neurotossiche e genotossiche. La minaccia delle MP per gli ecosistemi acquatici sta ponendo nuove sfide anche nella gestione degli impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue, che sono una via di rilascio di MP in ambiente. L’efficienza dei diversi processi di trattamento nella rimozione delle MP da l’influente è stata valutata in un impianto italiano. È stata rilevata una riduzione step by step delle MP e un’efficienza di ritenzione totale dell’ 84%. Tuttavia, è stato stimato un rilascio di ancora 160000000 MP/giorno attraverso l’effluente e una grande quantità di particelle viene depositata nei fanghi, riutilizzati in agricoltura. Lo studio ha fornito nuove informazioni sulla distribuzione delle MP negli organismi adriatici, sulla loro potenziale tossicità e sulla necessità di migliorare le tecnologie negli impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue per limitare gli input di MP in ambiente.
Ecotoxicological Approach as a Tool to Suggest Strategies for Risk Management of Microplastics in the Marine Environment / Pittura, Lucia. - (2019 Mar 05).
Ecotoxicological Approach as a Tool to Suggest Strategies for Risk Management of Microplastics in the Marine Environment
PITTURA, LUCIA
2019-03-05
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ingested by marine organisms at all trophic levels with the potential to induce adverse biological effects. In this thesis, the distribution of MPs along a typical marine food web was assessed in representative species from the Northern, Central and Southern Adriatic Sea. Results revealed that MPs ingestion is widespread, with the occurrence of at least one item in approximately 26% of the 475 analyzed specimens. Higher frequencies were observed in organisms of Central and Southern areas than of the Northern, suggesting the influence of the different hydrographic characteristics. Instead, no clear relationship could be define between abundance of ingested MPs and trophic position, feeding mode or habitat of species. Characterization of extracted MPs by microscopy and µFTIR technology highlighted geographical differences also in terms of size, shape and polymer typology. The ecotoxicological effects of MPs and their role as vehicles of PAHs were investigated in the Mediterranean mussels exposed to polyethylene microparticles, both virgin and pre-contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene. After ingestion, MPs were observed in different tissues causing a significant bioaccumulation of B(a)P. Analyses of molecular and cellular biomarkers highlighted the high susceptibility of the immunological parameters, while minor effects were measured for antioxidant system, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxic and genotoxic responses. The threat of MPs in aquatic ecosystems is posing new challenges also in managment of Wastewater Treatment Plants, which represent one route for MPs to enter the environment. An Italian facility was selected to assess the effeciency of different wastewater treatment processes in removing MPs from the influent. A step by step reduction of MPs was detected, with a total removal efficiency of 84%. However, 160,000,000 MPs/day are still released by the plant, mainly of polyester and polyamide and a great amount of MPs is deposited in the sludges, that are re-used in agriculture. This study provided new insights on distribution of MPs in Adriatic organisms, their potential toxicity and the need to improve technologies in WWTPs to limit MPs input in the environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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