The Eskimo paradox had the virtue of focusing the interest of researchers towards the fish lipid fraction. Diet rich in fish products is considered able to influence positively human health, and this is approved widely by scientific community. A relationship linking the consumption of fish product with a low incidence of cardiovascular diseases, high neuroprotective activity, protective action against inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. In early studies, these activities were exclusively attributed to the presence of 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA 3), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), docosapentaenoic (C22:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6). Recent studies supposed the possibility that also other components of fish lipid fraction were directly involved in the protection of cardiovascular disease. Among these components particular interest was focused on furan fatty acids (F-Acids) and phospholipids containing PUFA 3. Experimental studies about F-Acids behavior were able to carry out significant activities such as: protection against coronary heart disease, inhibition of platelet aggregation and bacterial urease, antioxidant activity in order to preserve the linolenic acid and potential antitumor activity. Phospholipids make up cell membranes of all living organisms, they are involved in the process of sending signals and they are precursors of biologically important molecules. Moreover, their degradation and oxidation products are crucial role in tissue infections and dysfunction in many pathological conditions such as ischemia and inflammation. The numerous studies on the biological properties of phospholipids rich of PUFA 3 and an increasing applications of these lipids in the pharmaceutical and food industries have stimulated the development of analytical techniques in order to characterize the phospholipids fraction of foods. The aim of the work was the development of innovative analytical methods able to characterize the lipid fraction of some important fish species in the Adriatic Sea in order to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds (i.e. PUFA 3, F-Acids and phospholipids molecular species). The study was divided in different experimental sections. In the first experimental section, analytical methods for the fish lipid fraction characterization were developed in order to result the most appropriate ones. In detail, the identification and quantification of PUFA 3, F-Acids and phospholipids molecular species of various fish products were investigated using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/FID, GC/MS, HPLC/ESI/MS-MS). In the second section, the distribution of PUFA 3 and F-Acids in different anatomical parts of fish and their relationship with reproductive cycle were studied. Two important species of pelagic fish were analyzed: anchovy and sardine. They represent a considerable product for local fisheries markets and they are characterized by reversed reproductive cycle. Moreover they can be considered as a cheap fish source but their nutritional value is very high, because their lipid fraction is extremely rich in PUFA 3. The lipid fraction of fillets (edible part), brains, eyes and gonads (usually considerate as waste) were investigated for both species. The sampling was carried during one year. In the third experimental phospholipid molecular species of two types of seafood were characterized: bony fish and molluscs. Among the bony fish also two allochthonous species were investigated, these are spread in italian markets because of their low price. The database obtained from the analysis of lipid profiles of pangasius, perch and brown trout compared with those obtained from other marine species produced interesting results in terms of quality, in order to underline similarities and differences between the lipid components of the species investigated. Three crustaceans were investigated in the fourth experimental. The phospholipid molecular species of the edible parts of mantis shrimp, caramote prawn and crab were characterized. In order to study the distribution of furan fatty acids in the different lipid fractions, the neutral lipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and its plasmalogens were separated using solid phase extraction tool and their fatty acid profiles were defined. In conclusion, the work had the aim to refine existing analytical techniques and to put up new ones. Moreover the characterization of the lipid fraction allowed the identification of biological markers. These markers can be considered an excellent tool able to investigate not only as regards qualitative parameters but also quantitative. The markers system could be a valid help for fish food control activities. In fact markers have already been utilized for quality control of many food products. In order to combat a growing activities of fraud related to the authenticity of processed fish products. Finally these quality indicators represent an interesting tool for food analytical quality control.
Il paradosso eschimese ha avuto il merito di focalizzare l’interesse dei ricercatori verso la componente lipidica del pescato. È difatti opinione diffusa nonché scientificamente approvata che una dieta a base di pesce è in grado di influenzare positivamente lo stato di salute dell’uomo. Una stretta relazione lega il consumo di pesce ad una bassa incidenza di patologie dell’apparato cardiovascolare, ad una efficace azione neuro protettiva, ma anche ad azioni protettive nei confronti di importanti malattie infiammatorie quali artriti reumatoidi e malattie infiammatorie croniche dell’apparato digerente. I primi studi attribuivano queste attività benefiche esclusivamente alle presenza dei acidi grassi polinsaturi della serie 3, quali l’acido eicosapentaenoico (C20:5), docosapentaenoico (C22:5) e docosaesaenoico (C22:6); recenti studi hanno vagliato la possibilità che anche altri componenti presenti nella frazione lipidica dei pesci siano direttamente coinvolti nella protezione di malattie. Tra questi, particolare attenzione è stata rivolta verso gli acidi grassi furanici (F-Acidi) e i componenti fosfolipidi contenenti acidi grassi 3. Importanti studi sperimentali hanno attribuito agli F-Acidi importanti azioni benefiche nell’organismo umano: attività protettiva nei confronti di patologie coronariche, attività inibitoria dell’aggregazione piastrinica e dell’ureasi batterica, azione antiossidante nei confronti dell’acido linolenico, potenziale attività antitumorale. I fosfolipidi costituiscono le membrane cellulari di tutti gli organismi viventi, sono coinvolti nel processo di invio dei segnali e sono precursori di molecole biologicamente importanti. Inoltre, i loro prodotti di degradazione e ossidazione sono determinanti nelle infezioni dei tessuti e sono coinvolti nelle disfunzioni patologiche come l’ischemia e le infiammazioni. In particolare, le innumerevoli ricerche riguardanti le proprietà biologiche dei fosfolipidi costituiti da acidi grassi 3, unite all’aumento dell’applicazione di tali lipidi nell’industria farmaceutica ed alimentare hanno stimolato lo sviluppo di tecniche analitiche atte a caratterizzare la componente lipidica delle diverse matrici alimentari. Sull’onda di tali considerazioni il presente lavoro di tesi ha avuto come obiettivo la messa a punto di metodiche analitiche innovative in grado di caratterizzare la frazione lipidica di diverse specie ittiche ponendo particolare attenzione all’individuazione e quantificazione dei principali componenti bioattivi (PUFA 3, F-Acidi, specie molecolari fosfolipidiche) . Il lavoro è stato articolato in diverse fasi sperimentali. Nella prima fase sono state individuate e ottimizzate le metodiche analitiche più idonee per la caratterizzazione della frazione lipidica di alcune specie ittiche (pesci, molluschi e crostacei) del mare Adriatico. In dettaglio, l’identificazione e quantificazione dei PUFA 3, degli acidi grassi furanici e delle specie molecolari fosfolipidiche nei diversi prodotti ittici è stata effettuata mediante l’utilizzo di cromatografia liquida e gassosa accoppiate alla spettrometria di massa (GC/FID, GC/MS, HPLC/ESI/MS-MS). Nella seconda fase è stata studiata la distribuzione dei PUFA 3 e degli acidi grassi furanici nelle diverse parti anatomiche dei pesci in relazione al loro ciclo riproduttivo. A tale proposito sono state prese in considerazione due specie di fondamentale importanza per la pesca locale: l’alice e la sarda. Queste due specie presentano un ciclo riproduttivo inverso e sono annoverate fra quelle appartenenti al cosiddetto “pesce azzurro”, una tipologia di pesce considerato povero dal punto di vista del valore commerciale ma valido dal punto di vista nutrizionale perché presenta una frazione lipidica è estremamente ricca di PUFA 3. E’ stata esaminata la frazione lipidica del filetto (parte edibile), del cervello, degli occhi e delle gonadi (normalmente considerati materiale di scarto) delle due specie ittiche campionate nell’arco di un anno. Nella terza parte sperimentale sono state caratterizzate le specie molecolari fosfolipidiche di due tipologie di pescato: pesci ossei e molluschi. Tra i pesci ossei sono state prese in esame anche due specie alloctone, scelte tra le più diffuse a causa del loro basso prezzo di acquisto, e una specie di acqua dolce nostrana. I valori ottenuti dalle analisi dei profili lipidici del pangasio, del persico e della trota fario confrontati con quelli ottenuti dalle altre specie marine in esame hanno prodotto interessanti risultati dal punto di vista della qualità, mettendo in evidenza somiglianze e differenze tra le componenti lipidiche delle specie indagate. Nella quarta parte l’attenzione è stata rivolta verso tre specie di crostacei. La frazione lipidica delle parti edibili di mazzancolle, pannocchie e granchi è stata analizzata con particolare attenzione verso la caratterizzazione delle specie molecolari fosfolipidiche. In questo studio sono state separate alcune tra le principali frazioni lipidiche, mediante estrazione in fase solida. Dopo aver purificato lipidi neutri, fosfatidilcolina, fosfatidiletanolammina e il suo plasmalogeno l’attenzione è stata focalizzata sulla presenza degl’acidi grassi furanici e quindi sulla loro distribuzione nelle differenti frazioni lipidiche purificate. In conclusione il lavoro si propone di affinare tecniche analitiche già esistenti nonché di metterne a punto nuove. Oltre ad analizzare quantitativamente le specie ittiche prese in considerazione, la caratterizzazione della frazione lipidica ha consentito l’individuazione di bio marker, ovvero molecole caratteristiche presenti esclusivamente in alcune specie piuttosto che in altre. Nell’ottica della lotta contro un sempre crescente numero di frodi legate alla genuinità dei prodotti ittici lavorati, tali indicatori potrebbero rivelarsi un interessante strumento per attività di controllo analitico.
Development of innovative analytical techniques for the characterization of the lipid fraction in Adriatic Sea fish / Balzano, Michele. - (2012 Feb 17).
Development of innovative analytical techniques for the characterization of the lipid fraction in Adriatic Sea fish
Balzano, Michele
2012-02-17
Abstract
The Eskimo paradox had the virtue of focusing the interest of researchers towards the fish lipid fraction. Diet rich in fish products is considered able to influence positively human health, and this is approved widely by scientific community. A relationship linking the consumption of fish product with a low incidence of cardiovascular diseases, high neuroprotective activity, protective action against inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. In early studies, these activities were exclusively attributed to the presence of 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA 3), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), docosapentaenoic (C22:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6). Recent studies supposed the possibility that also other components of fish lipid fraction were directly involved in the protection of cardiovascular disease. Among these components particular interest was focused on furan fatty acids (F-Acids) and phospholipids containing PUFA 3. Experimental studies about F-Acids behavior were able to carry out significant activities such as: protection against coronary heart disease, inhibition of platelet aggregation and bacterial urease, antioxidant activity in order to preserve the linolenic acid and potential antitumor activity. Phospholipids make up cell membranes of all living organisms, they are involved in the process of sending signals and they are precursors of biologically important molecules. Moreover, their degradation and oxidation products are crucial role in tissue infections and dysfunction in many pathological conditions such as ischemia and inflammation. The numerous studies on the biological properties of phospholipids rich of PUFA 3 and an increasing applications of these lipids in the pharmaceutical and food industries have stimulated the development of analytical techniques in order to characterize the phospholipids fraction of foods. The aim of the work was the development of innovative analytical methods able to characterize the lipid fraction of some important fish species in the Adriatic Sea in order to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds (i.e. PUFA 3, F-Acids and phospholipids molecular species). The study was divided in different experimental sections. In the first experimental section, analytical methods for the fish lipid fraction characterization were developed in order to result the most appropriate ones. In detail, the identification and quantification of PUFA 3, F-Acids and phospholipids molecular species of various fish products were investigated using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/FID, GC/MS, HPLC/ESI/MS-MS). In the second section, the distribution of PUFA 3 and F-Acids in different anatomical parts of fish and their relationship with reproductive cycle were studied. Two important species of pelagic fish were analyzed: anchovy and sardine. They represent a considerable product for local fisheries markets and they are characterized by reversed reproductive cycle. Moreover they can be considered as a cheap fish source but their nutritional value is very high, because their lipid fraction is extremely rich in PUFA 3. The lipid fraction of fillets (edible part), brains, eyes and gonads (usually considerate as waste) were investigated for both species. The sampling was carried during one year. In the third experimental phospholipid molecular species of two types of seafood were characterized: bony fish and molluscs. Among the bony fish also two allochthonous species were investigated, these are spread in italian markets because of their low price. The database obtained from the analysis of lipid profiles of pangasius, perch and brown trout compared with those obtained from other marine species produced interesting results in terms of quality, in order to underline similarities and differences between the lipid components of the species investigated. Three crustaceans were investigated in the fourth experimental. The phospholipid molecular species of the edible parts of mantis shrimp, caramote prawn and crab were characterized. In order to study the distribution of furan fatty acids in the different lipid fractions, the neutral lipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and its plasmalogens were separated using solid phase extraction tool and their fatty acid profiles were defined. In conclusion, the work had the aim to refine existing analytical techniques and to put up new ones. Moreover the characterization of the lipid fraction allowed the identification of biological markers. These markers can be considered an excellent tool able to investigate not only as regards qualitative parameters but also quantitative. The markers system could be a valid help for fish food control activities. In fact markers have already been utilized for quality control of many food products. In order to combat a growing activities of fraud related to the authenticity of processed fish products. Finally these quality indicators represent an interesting tool for food analytical quality control.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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