Apple as a source of dietary phytonutrients: bioavailability and evidence of protective effects against human cardiovascular disease

The dietary consumption of fruit and vegetable is associated with a lower incidence of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Most recent interest has focused on the bioactive phenolic compounds in vegetable products. All varieties of apple contains several antioxidants and polyphenols that possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties. The review describes the nutritional properties of apples and their derivatives, with particular attention to polyphenol compounds. Moreover the health benefits of apples and the potential molecular mechanisms against cardiovascular disease are reviewed.