GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex: localization, development and pathological implications.

The extracellular levels of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl--dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have been identified using molecular cloning Of these, GAT-1 and -3 are expressed in the cerebral cortex. Studies of the cortical distribution, cellular localization, ontogeny and relationships of GATs with GABA-releasing elements using a variety of light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques have shown that: i) a fraction of GATs is strategically placed to mediate GABA uptake at fast inhibitory synapses, terminating GABA’s action and shaping inhibitory postsynaptic responses; ii) another fraction may participate in functions such as the regulation of GABA’s diffusion to neighboring synapses and of GABA levels in cerebrospinal fluid; iii) GATs may play a role in the complex processes regulating cortical maturation; iv) GATs may contribute to the dysregulation of neuronal excitability that accompanies at least two major human diseases: epilepsy and ischemia.