Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most relevant staple crops worldwide, playing a central role in global food security and serving as a primary food and feed source both humans and livestock. Currently, maize production is severely threatened by multiple challenges favoured by a climate change scenario, including abiotic (e.g., drought, heat) and biotic stressors (e.g., pathogens and pest insects). Among the latter, the corn borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) (Lepidoptera: Nocutidae) are regarded as the most important maize pests in Europe, causing both quantitative yield losses and qualitative damage as a result of larval feeding activity. The management of corn borer species is challenging due to the larval cryptic behaviour, their rapid penetration within plant tissue, increasing regulatory constraints on pesticide use and, in Italy, the increasing frequency of co-occurrence of multiple corn borer species within the same maize field, a phenomenon recently favoured by warmer climatic conditions. This thesis aims to provide a new basis towards the future design of effective corn borer management strategies based on different maize management strategies, trap-based monitoring, and new insights into the pheromone communication of S. cretica and O. nubilalis. In the first field study, three maize management strategies (referred to as High, Medium, and Low Stress), defined by different combinations of irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, were compared over two years to assess their effect on corn borer infestation. The Low Stress strategy, based on fertigation and chemical pest control, resulted in the lowest infestation level. In contrast, no differences were observed between the Medium Stress (supplemental irrigation and microbiological pest control) and High Stress (rainfed and integrated pest control) strategies, indicating that different management practices can lead to similar pest outcomes. The simultaneous assessment of yield and grain fungal contamination provided a comprehensive evaluation of each strategy. In the context of climate change and increasing regulatory constraints, which pose additional challenges to maize production, evaluating management strategies within an integrated framework can help to balance agronomic inputs and both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of crop production. A second field trial evaluated the performance of automated traps compared with traditional cone traps for monitoring O. nubilalis. While both trap types provided comparable information on overall capture abundance and adult flight patterns throughout the season, automated traps showed reduced detection sensitivity, particularly at low population densities. Given that efficient monitoring is central to corn borer management, especially for optimizing the timing of control measures, further improvements in detection sensitivity are needed to fully exploit the potential of automated traps. In the third experimental activity, the peripheral detection O. nubilalis and S. cretica to specific and heterospecific (in the case of O. nubilalis) sex pheromone components was addressed. For the first time, the peripheral detection of S. cretica males to all sex pheromone components is reported, together with evidence of pheromone autodetection in females. Moreover, the detection of the major sex pheromone component of S. cretica by O. nubilalis, along with preliminary evidence of interference by host plant volatiles on the sex pheromone detection of the two species, further emphasized the complexity of pheromone-mediated communication in corn borer species. Overall, our findings represent a foundation for further improving integrated corn borer management, which should be based on optimal crop management practices and efficient monitoring tools, supported by a deep understanding of their sex pheromone communication. Such an integrated approach is essential to support sustainable maize production under evolving environmental and regulatory conditions.
Il mais (Zea mays L.) rientra tra le colture cerealicole più importanti al mondo, ricoprendo un ruolo centrale sia nell’alimentazione umana che in quella animale. Ad oggi, tuttavia, la sua coltivazione si trova a fronteggiare molteplici sfide legate ai cambiamenti climatici, tra cui l’aumento degli stress abiotici (come siccità e temperature elevate) e biotici (quali patogeni e insetti dannosi). Tra questi ultimi, i lepidotteri minatori del mais Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) (Lepidoptera: Nocutidae) sono considerati i più rilevanti in Europa, essendo causa di importanti perdite produttive, sia quantitative che qualitative, attribuibili all’attività trofica delle larve. La gestione di queste specie è particolarmente complessa, a causa del comportamento criptico delle larve, del loro rapido ingresso in pianta dopo la schiusura delle uova, delle crescenti limitazioni normative sull’impiego dei prodotti fitosanitari e, nel contesto italiano, della sempre più frequente compresenza di più specie di lepidotteri minatori all’interno dello stesso appezzamento. La tesi in oggetto si propone di analizzare tre aspetti della gestione dei lepidotteri minatori del mais, con particolare riferimento alle pratiche di gestione colturale, agli strumenti di monitoraggio e all’ecologia chimica di queste specie. Nel primo studio di campo, di durata biennale, sono state confrontate tre strategie di gestione del mais caratterizzate da differenti livelli di stress colturale (“Alto”, “Medio” e “Basso Stress”), ottenuti mediante diverse combinazioni di irrigazione, fertilizzazione e difesa fitosanitaria. Dal confronto del livello di infestazione tra le tre gestioni è stato possibile evidenziare una maggiore efficacia di controllo di “Basso Stress” (fertirrigazione e difesa con prodotti di sintesi) ed una comparabilità del livello di infestazione tra “Alto” (assenza di irrigazione e uso di prodotti chimici e microbiologici per la difesa) e “Medio Stress” (irrigazione di soccorso e uso di prodotti microbiologici per la difesa), nonostante la diversa combinazione di input agronomici e insetticidi utilizzata. La contemporanea valutazione della produttività e delle specie fungine presenti nella granella per ciascuna gestione ha permesso di darne una valutazione complessiva e di commentarla alla luce delle attuali limitazioni ambientali e legislative per la coltivazione del mais. La seconda attività di ricerca ha confrontato trappole automatiche e trappole tradizionali a cono di rete per il monitoraggio di O. nubilalis, entrambe innescate con feromone sessuale. Le trappole automatiche hanno mostrato livelli di cattura comparabili a quelli delle trappole tradizionali, ma una minore sensibilità di cattura in caso di basse densità di popolazione. Considerata l’importanza del monitoraggio degli adulti per la definizione delle tempistiche di intervento, il miglioramento di questo aspetto risulta cruciale per sfruttare appieno il potenziale delle trappole automatiche per il monitoraggio di O. nubilalis. La terza attività di ricerca, infine, ha previsto lo studio di aspetti dell’ecologica chimica di O. nubilalis e S. cretica non ancora investigati. In particolare, è stata descritta per la prima volta la risposta antennale di maschi e femmine di S. cretica ai diversi composti presenti nel blend feromonale della specie, evidenziando il fenomeno di “autodetection” nelle femmine. Inoltre, sono state riscontrate la capacità di O. nubilalis di percepire il componente principale del feromone sessuale di S. cretica ed un effetto di interferenza sulla capacità di rilevamento del feromone sessuale dei maschi delle due specie dovuto a composti volatili emessi dalla pianta ospite. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti costituiscono una base per migliorare la gestione integrata dei lepidotteri minatori del mais, attraverso una valutazione complessiva delle pratiche agronomiche e dei sistemi di monitoraggio, supportati questi ultimi da una maggiore comprensione della comunicazione feromonale delle specie in oggetto. Il tutto per favorire una produzione maidicola che possa essere sempre più sostenibile ed in grado di fronteggiare le attuali condizioni ambientali e le nuove normative europee.
CORN BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE; CRAMBIDAE): BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT / Battistelli, Maria Chiara. - (2026 May 28).
CORN BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE; CRAMBIDAE): BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
BATTISTELLI, MARIA CHIARA
2026-05-28
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most relevant staple crops worldwide, playing a central role in global food security and serving as a primary food and feed source both humans and livestock. Currently, maize production is severely threatened by multiple challenges favoured by a climate change scenario, including abiotic (e.g., drought, heat) and biotic stressors (e.g., pathogens and pest insects). Among the latter, the corn borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) (Lepidoptera: Nocutidae) are regarded as the most important maize pests in Europe, causing both quantitative yield losses and qualitative damage as a result of larval feeding activity. The management of corn borer species is challenging due to the larval cryptic behaviour, their rapid penetration within plant tissue, increasing regulatory constraints on pesticide use and, in Italy, the increasing frequency of co-occurrence of multiple corn borer species within the same maize field, a phenomenon recently favoured by warmer climatic conditions. This thesis aims to provide a new basis towards the future design of effective corn borer management strategies based on different maize management strategies, trap-based monitoring, and new insights into the pheromone communication of S. cretica and O. nubilalis. In the first field study, three maize management strategies (referred to as High, Medium, and Low Stress), defined by different combinations of irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, were compared over two years to assess their effect on corn borer infestation. The Low Stress strategy, based on fertigation and chemical pest control, resulted in the lowest infestation level. In contrast, no differences were observed between the Medium Stress (supplemental irrigation and microbiological pest control) and High Stress (rainfed and integrated pest control) strategies, indicating that different management practices can lead to similar pest outcomes. The simultaneous assessment of yield and grain fungal contamination provided a comprehensive evaluation of each strategy. In the context of climate change and increasing regulatory constraints, which pose additional challenges to maize production, evaluating management strategies within an integrated framework can help to balance agronomic inputs and both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of crop production. A second field trial evaluated the performance of automated traps compared with traditional cone traps for monitoring O. nubilalis. While both trap types provided comparable information on overall capture abundance and adult flight patterns throughout the season, automated traps showed reduced detection sensitivity, particularly at low population densities. Given that efficient monitoring is central to corn borer management, especially for optimizing the timing of control measures, further improvements in detection sensitivity are needed to fully exploit the potential of automated traps. In the third experimental activity, the peripheral detection O. nubilalis and S. cretica to specific and heterospecific (in the case of O. nubilalis) sex pheromone components was addressed. For the first time, the peripheral detection of S. cretica males to all sex pheromone components is reported, together with evidence of pheromone autodetection in females. Moreover, the detection of the major sex pheromone component of S. cretica by O. nubilalis, along with preliminary evidence of interference by host plant volatiles on the sex pheromone detection of the two species, further emphasized the complexity of pheromone-mediated communication in corn borer species. Overall, our findings represent a foundation for further improving integrated corn borer management, which should be based on optimal crop management practices and efficient monitoring tools, supported by a deep understanding of their sex pheromone communication. Such an integrated approach is essential to support sustainable maize production under evolving environmental and regulatory conditions.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


