The associations between marine invertebrates and microbes are widespread throughout the oceans. Microbiota can play crucial roles in digestion, nutrient uptake, reproduction, immune responses and defence mechanisms of almost all marine animals, thereby influencing their health and fitness. Despite the ecological importance of copepods as key components of marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles, information on their microbiomes remains limited. A better understanding of the diversity and dynamics of copepod microbiomes, is therefore needed. This is particularly relevant under ongoing global change, where unravelling copepod-microbe associations contributes to a broader comprehension of marine ecosystem responses. This PhD thesis focused on marine copepods to investigate how habitat, geography, environmental conditions and host traits interact to shape copepod-associated microbiomes. Large-scale patterns across habitats ranging from marine to freshwater systems were characterised through a global meta-analysis of published datasets. Complementary field studies in the Mediterranean Sea revealed that microbiomes of dominant copepod species were strongly structured by basin, season, site, trophic source and environmental parameters. Fecal pellet analyses indicated that the microbial communities they host, which are strongly influenced by diet and food availability, can serve as a proxy for the gut microbiome of copepods and contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycles and carbon export. Finally, comparisons of wild copepods at different developmental stages, together with first-generation rearing experiments, indicated that copepod microbiomes were relatively stable over the life cycle, supporting the existence of a robust host-microbiome association. Signals of phylosymbiosis and the persistence of specific core taxa further suggested that vertical transfer and host–microbe associations may have contributed to copepod adaptation across contrasting environments. Altogether, these findings highlighted copepod–microbiome systems as sensitive components of pelagic ecosystems and underscored the importance of understanding their responses to warming, deoxygenation and pollution in order to better predict future trajectories of zooplankton productivity, biogeochemical cycling and marine ecosystem health.
Le associazioni tra invertebrati marini e microrganismi sono diffuse in tutti gli oceani. Il microbiota può svolgere ruoli cruciali nella digestione, nell’assorbimento dei nutrienti, nella riproduzione, nelle risposte immunitarie e nei meccanismi di difesa della maggior parte degli animali marini, influenzandone così salute e fitness. Nonostante l’importanza ecologica dei copepodi come componenti chiave delle reti trofiche marine e dei cicli biogeochimici, le informazioni sui loro microbiomi restano limitate. È quindi necessario approfondire la comprensione della diversità e della dinamica dei microbiomi dei copepodi. Ciò è particolarmente rilevante nell’attuale contesto di cambiamento globale, in cui la comprensione delle associazioni copepodi-microbi contribuisce a una visione più ampia delle risposte degli ecosistemi marini. Questa tesi di dottorato si è focalizzata sui copepodi per indagare come habitat, geografia, condizioni ambientali e tratti dell’ospite interagiscano nel modellare i batteri associati. I pattern su larga scala tra habitat, che vanno dai sistemi marini a quelli di acqua dolce, sono stati caratterizzati attraverso una meta-analisi globale di dataset pubblicati. Contemporaneamente, studi nel Mar Mediterraneo hanno rivelato che i microbiomi associati alle specie dominanti di copepodi erano fortemente strutturati da bacini, stagioni, siti di campionamento, risorsa trofica e parametri ambientali. Le analisi dei pellet fecali hanno indicato che le comunità microbiche in essi ospitate, fortemente influenzate da dieta e disponibilità di cibo, possono fungere da proxy del microbioma intestinale dei copepodi e contribuire ai cicli biogeochimici. Infine, i confronti tra copepodi “wild” a diversi stadi di sviluppo, insieme a esperimenti di allevamento, hanno indicato che i microbiomi dei copepodi erano relativamente stabili nel corso del ciclo vitale, supportando l’esistenza di una robusta associazione ospite-microbioma. Segnali di filosimbiosi e la persistenza di specifici taxa del core microbiome, hanno inoltre suggerito che il trasferimento verticale e le associazioni ospite-microbo possano aver contribuito all’adattamento dei copepodi ad ambienti contrastanti. Nel complesso, questi risultati hanno evidenziato i sistemi copepode-microbioma come componenti sensibili degli ecosistemi pelagici e sottolineato l’importanza di comprenderne le risposte a riscaldamento, deossigenazione e inquinamento per prevedere meglio le future traiettorie della produttività dello zooplancton, dei cicli biogeochimici e della salute degli ecosistemi marini.
The copepod microbiome in the Mediterranean Sea / Fumanti, Agnese. - (2026 Mar 06).
The copepod microbiome in the Mediterranean Sea
FUMANTI, AGNESE
2026-03-06
Abstract
The associations between marine invertebrates and microbes are widespread throughout the oceans. Microbiota can play crucial roles in digestion, nutrient uptake, reproduction, immune responses and defence mechanisms of almost all marine animals, thereby influencing their health and fitness. Despite the ecological importance of copepods as key components of marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles, information on their microbiomes remains limited. A better understanding of the diversity and dynamics of copepod microbiomes, is therefore needed. This is particularly relevant under ongoing global change, where unravelling copepod-microbe associations contributes to a broader comprehension of marine ecosystem responses. This PhD thesis focused on marine copepods to investigate how habitat, geography, environmental conditions and host traits interact to shape copepod-associated microbiomes. Large-scale patterns across habitats ranging from marine to freshwater systems were characterised through a global meta-analysis of published datasets. Complementary field studies in the Mediterranean Sea revealed that microbiomes of dominant copepod species were strongly structured by basin, season, site, trophic source and environmental parameters. Fecal pellet analyses indicated that the microbial communities they host, which are strongly influenced by diet and food availability, can serve as a proxy for the gut microbiome of copepods and contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycles and carbon export. Finally, comparisons of wild copepods at different developmental stages, together with first-generation rearing experiments, indicated that copepod microbiomes were relatively stable over the life cycle, supporting the existence of a robust host-microbiome association. Signals of phylosymbiosis and the persistence of specific core taxa further suggested that vertical transfer and host–microbe associations may have contributed to copepod adaptation across contrasting environments. Altogether, these findings highlighted copepod–microbiome systems as sensitive components of pelagic ecosystems and underscored the importance of understanding their responses to warming, deoxygenation and pollution in order to better predict future trajectories of zooplankton productivity, biogeochemical cycling and marine ecosystem health.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


