This PhD thesis has been divided into two topics and has focused primarily on techniques to improve soil health by increasing fertility and reducing contamination. The first topic, which focuses on sustainable practices to increase soil fertility in vineyard inter-row areas, is described in Chapters 3 and 4. Specifically, Chapter 3 examined the impact of two types of sustainable management of organic vineyard interrows on overall soil quality. The soil was managed with an annual legume cover crop (Trifolium alexandrinum) and a permanent meadow. The comparison was made with a portion of bare soil used as a negative control. In this experiment, an overall increase in organic carbon concentration in the 40 cm soil layer was observed compared to uncultivated soil in both types of inter-row management. The option with annual legume cover showed the best results for humic acid content in the topsoil, microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, and enzymatic activities related to the N cycle. The results indicated that managing vineyard interrows with cover crops can improve overall soil fertility. In Chapter 4, the vineyard inter-rows were managed with annual overseeding with a mixture of barley and field beans and with permanent grassing based on spontaneous species. The effect of these conservation practices on soil fertility was evaluated and compared with a positive control grassed and undisturbed for 30 years. The effects of cover cropping were primarily visible in the top 20 cm of soil. Annual overseeding improved organic matter and enzymatic activities related to the C cycle (FDA hydrolysis and β-glucosidase) and the N cycle (β-glucosaminidase). Furthermore, this treatment was close to the values measured in the positive control for QCO2 and for soil respiration. The positive control consistently showed significantly higher values than all treated soils. More than 4 years of cover cropping are necessary to restore adequate soil fertility. The second topic, described in Chapters 5, 6, and 7, focuses on the application of earthworms and their products to reduce soil pollution and increase and restore soil health. In Chapter 5, a systematic review was conducted on the vermiremediation technique, applied alone or in combination with other bioremediation techniques, on soils polluted by organic and inorganic contaminants. A bioremediation and soil fertility study is described in Chapter 6; vermiremediation was applied using the earthworm Eisenia fetida and its derived vermicompost in soil contaminated with chlorpyrifos, an organic insecticide. Analyses were conducted to assess the effect of vermiremediation on chlorpyrifos content in soil and soil microbial fertility. The application of E. fetida or vermicompost in this experiment did not accelerate chlorpyrifos degradation in the soil. The presence of earthworms positively influenced both microbial biomass carbon and β-glucosidase activity; in both cases, the stimulating effect was more pronounced as the chlorpyrifos dose increased. The addition of vermicompost significantly stimulated phosphatase activity both in the presence and absence of the insecticide. In Chapter 7, vermiremediation was applied to soil contaminated by the inorganic contaminant nickel. The earthworm E. fetida and its derivative vermicompost were used alone or in combination to test their remediation capacity and the effects on the microbial community. The vermiremediation agents, applied alone or in combination, did not reduce the total Ni content in the soil; however, earthworms increased both soluble Ni and the bioavailable Ni fraction. The microbial biomass carbon and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were improved to a greater extent by the combined treatment, whereas earthworms alone increased β-glucosaminidase activity. The combined treatment of E. fetida and vermicompost proved to be the most effective, both in stabilising soil-available Ni and in enhancing overall microbial community health.
La presente tesi di dottorato è stata suddivisa in due macro-aree strettamente correlate tra loro: pratiche per incrementare la fertilità del suolo e tecniche per ridurre l’inquinamento da xenobiotici. Il primo argomento, incentrato sulle pratiche sostenibili per migliorare la fertilità del suolo negli interfilari di vigneto, è trattato nei capitoli 3 e 4. Nello specifico, il capitolo 3 ha valutato l'impatto di due tipi di gestione degli interfilari dei vigneti biologici sulla qualità complessiva del suolo. Il suolo è stato gestito con una copertura annuale di leguminose e un inerbimento naturale permanente. Il confronto è stato effettuato con una porzione di suolo nudo (controllo negativo). In questo esperimento è stato osservato un aumento complessivo della concentrazione di C organico nei primi 40 cm di suolo in entrambi i tipi di gestione dell'interfilare. L'opzione con copertura annuale di leguminose ha mostrato i migliori risultati in termini di contenuto di HA nello strato superficiale del suolo, MBC, respirazione del suolo e attività enzimatiche correlate al ciclo dell’N. Nel Capitolo 4, gli interfilari del vigneto sono stati gestiti con trasemina annuale e con inerbimento naturale permanente. L'effetto di queste pratiche conservative sulla fertilità del suolo è stato confrontato con un suolo inerbito per 30 anni (controllo positivo). Gli effetti positivi sono stati visibili soprattutto nei primi 20 cm di suolo. La trasemina annuale ha migliorato la sostanza organica e le attività enzimatiche legate al ciclo del C e dell'N. Inoltre, questo trattamento si è avvicinato ai valori misurati nel controllo positivo per QCO2 e respirazione del suolo. Il controllo positivo ha mostrato costantemente valori significativamente più alti rispetto a tutti i suoli trattati. Sono quindi necessari più di 4 anni di sovescio per ripristinare un'adeguata fertilità del suolo. Il secondo argomento, descritto nei Capitoli 5, 6 e 7, si concentra sull'applicazione di lombrichi e dei loro prodotti per ridurre l'inquinamento del suolo e ripristinarne la salute. Nel Capitolo 5 è stata condotta una ricerca sulla tecnica di vermiremediation, applicata da sola o in combinazione con altre tecniche di biorisanamento, su suoli inquinati da contaminanti organici e/o inorganici. Nel Capitolo 6 è descritto uno studio di biorisanamento e fertilità del suolo; la vermiremediation è stata applicata tramite il lombrico E. fetida e il vermicompost in un suolo contaminato da clorpirifos. L'applicazione di E. fetida o di vermicompost in questo esperimento non ha accelerato la degradazione del clorpirifos nel suolo. La presenza di lombrichi ha influenzato positivamente sia il MBC, sia l'attività β-glucosidasica; in entrambi i casi, l'effetto stimolante è stato più pronunciato all'aumentare della dose di clorpirifos. L'aggiunta di vermicompost ha stimolato l'attività fosfatasica sia in presenza che in assenza di clorpirifos. Nel Capitolo 7, la bonifica mediante vermirisanamento è stata applicata ad un suolo contaminato da nichel. Il lombrico E. fetida e il vermicompost sono stati utilizzati da soli o in combinazione per testarne la capacità di bonifica e gli effetti sulla comunità microbica. Gli agenti di vermiremediation, da soli o in combinazione, non hanno ridotto il contenuto totale di Ni nel suolo; tuttavia, i lombrichi hanno aumentato sia il Ni solubile che la frazione di Ni biodisponibile. Il MBC e l'attività della fosfatasi alcalina sono stati migliorati in misura maggiore dal trattamento combinato, Il trattamento combinato si è dimostrato il più efficace, sia nello stabilizzare il Ni disponibile nel suolo sia nel migliorare la salute generale della comunità microbica.
Effects of improvement practices and xenobiotics on soil fertility / Tagliabue, Francesca. - (2026 Mar).
Effects of improvement practices and xenobiotics on soil fertility
TAGLIABUE, FRANCESCA
2026-03-01
Abstract
This PhD thesis has been divided into two topics and has focused primarily on techniques to improve soil health by increasing fertility and reducing contamination. The first topic, which focuses on sustainable practices to increase soil fertility in vineyard inter-row areas, is described in Chapters 3 and 4. Specifically, Chapter 3 examined the impact of two types of sustainable management of organic vineyard interrows on overall soil quality. The soil was managed with an annual legume cover crop (Trifolium alexandrinum) and a permanent meadow. The comparison was made with a portion of bare soil used as a negative control. In this experiment, an overall increase in organic carbon concentration in the 40 cm soil layer was observed compared to uncultivated soil in both types of inter-row management. The option with annual legume cover showed the best results for humic acid content in the topsoil, microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, and enzymatic activities related to the N cycle. The results indicated that managing vineyard interrows with cover crops can improve overall soil fertility. In Chapter 4, the vineyard inter-rows were managed with annual overseeding with a mixture of barley and field beans and with permanent grassing based on spontaneous species. The effect of these conservation practices on soil fertility was evaluated and compared with a positive control grassed and undisturbed for 30 years. The effects of cover cropping were primarily visible in the top 20 cm of soil. Annual overseeding improved organic matter and enzymatic activities related to the C cycle (FDA hydrolysis and β-glucosidase) and the N cycle (β-glucosaminidase). Furthermore, this treatment was close to the values measured in the positive control for QCO2 and for soil respiration. The positive control consistently showed significantly higher values than all treated soils. More than 4 years of cover cropping are necessary to restore adequate soil fertility. The second topic, described in Chapters 5, 6, and 7, focuses on the application of earthworms and their products to reduce soil pollution and increase and restore soil health. In Chapter 5, a systematic review was conducted on the vermiremediation technique, applied alone or in combination with other bioremediation techniques, on soils polluted by organic and inorganic contaminants. A bioremediation and soil fertility study is described in Chapter 6; vermiremediation was applied using the earthworm Eisenia fetida and its derived vermicompost in soil contaminated with chlorpyrifos, an organic insecticide. Analyses were conducted to assess the effect of vermiremediation on chlorpyrifos content in soil and soil microbial fertility. The application of E. fetida or vermicompost in this experiment did not accelerate chlorpyrifos degradation in the soil. The presence of earthworms positively influenced both microbial biomass carbon and β-glucosidase activity; in both cases, the stimulating effect was more pronounced as the chlorpyrifos dose increased. The addition of vermicompost significantly stimulated phosphatase activity both in the presence and absence of the insecticide. In Chapter 7, vermiremediation was applied to soil contaminated by the inorganic contaminant nickel. The earthworm E. fetida and its derivative vermicompost were used alone or in combination to test their remediation capacity and the effects on the microbial community. The vermiremediation agents, applied alone or in combination, did not reduce the total Ni content in the soil; however, earthworms increased both soluble Ni and the bioavailable Ni fraction. The microbial biomass carbon and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were improved to a greater extent by the combined treatment, whereas earthworms alone increased β-glucosaminidase activity. The combined treatment of E. fetida and vermicompost proved to be the most effective, both in stabilising soil-available Ni and in enhancing overall microbial community health.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


