Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by endothelial dysfunction leading to progressive vascular damage and fibrosis. Although microvascular involvement is well recognized as an early hallmark of the disease, macrovascular damage has historically been underestimated and remains largely unexplored in the very early stages of SSc. Studies performing an integrated assessment of both microvascular and macrovascular damage across the entire spectrum of SSc, including Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis (VEDOSS), are currently limited. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, patients with established SSc, VEDOSS, and primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP) were prospectively enrolled between October 2023 and April 2025. Participants underwent a comprehensive microvascular and macrovascular evaluation including nailfold videocapillaroscopy, multi-segment arterial color Doppler ultrasonography (carotid, aortic, and lower limb districts), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and measurement of endothelial biomarkers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, circulating endothelial cells [CECs]). Traditional cardiovascular risk was estimated using SCORE2. Results: A total of 62 female subjects were included (34 SSc, 14 VEDOSS, and 14 PRP). Microvascular abnormalities followed the expected disease continuum, with capillaroscopic changes present in 57% of VEDOSS patients and 91% of SSc patients. Although SCORE2 estimates and carotid intima-media thickness were comparable across groups, macrovascular abnormalities were more frequent in SSc (52.9%) and VEDOSS (50%) than in PRP (21.4%). Levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and CECs were significantly increased in SSc compared with PRP, whereas no significant differences were observed between VEDOSS and PRP. Conclusions: These findings support a unified model of microvascular and macrovascular disease in SSc and demonstrate that macrovascular involvement is already detectable during the VEDOSS stage. Conventional cardiovascular risk scores underestimate the true vascular burden, highlighting the need for disease-specific risk stratification tools integrating vascular imaging and endothelial biomarkers.
Introduzione: La sclerosi sistemica (SSc) è caratterizzata da una disfunzione endoteliale che conduce ad un progressivo danno vascolare e alla fibrosi. Sebbene il coinvolgimento microvascolare sia ben riconosciuto come una caratteristica precoce della malattia, il danno macrovascolare è stato storicamente sottovalutato e, peraltro, risulta non ancora indagato nelle fasi molto iniziali della SSc. Gli studi che hanno realizzato una valutazione integrata del danno micro e macrovascolare lungo tutto lo spettro della SSc, inclusa la diagnosi molto precoce di sclerosi sistemica (VEDOSS), rimangono al momento limitati. Metodi: In questo studio osservazionale trasversale, pazienti con SSc conclamata, VEDOSS e fenomeno di Raynaud primitivo (PRP) sono stati arruolati prospetticamente tra Ottobre 2023 e Aprile 2025. I partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a una valutazione completa microvascolare e macrovascolare comprendente videocapillaroscopia periungueale, ecocolordoppler arterioso plurisegmentario (distretti carotideo, aortico e degli arti inferiori), FMD (flow-mediated dilation) e misurazione di biomarcatori endoteliali (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, cellule endoteliali circolanti [CEC]). Il rischio cardiovascolare tradizionale è stato stimato mediante SCORE2. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 62 soggetti di sesso femminile (34 SSc, 14 VEDOSS, 14 PRP). Le alterazioni microvascolari hanno seguito il continuum atteso della malattia, con modificazioni capillaroscopiche presenti nel 57% dei pazienti VEDOSS e nel 91% dei pazienti con SSc. Sebbene le stime SCORE2 e lo spessore intima-media carotideo fossero comparabili tra i gruppi, le alterazioni macrovascolari erano più frequenti nella SSc (52,9%) e nella VEDOSS (50%) rispetto al PRP (21,4%). I livelli di VCAM-1, ICAM-1 e CEC erano significativamente aumentati nella SSc rispetto al PRP, mentre non sono state osservate differenze significative tra VEDOSS e PRP. Conclusioni: Questi risultati supportano un modello unificato di malattia micro- e macrovascolare nella SSc e dimostrano che il coinvolgimento macrovascolare è rilevabile già nella fase VEDOSS. I punteggi convenzionali di rischio cardiovascolare sottostimano il reale carico vascolare, evidenziando la necessità di strumenti di stratificazione del rischio specifici per la malattia che integrino imaging vascolare e biomarcatori endoteliali.
Micro and Macrovascular disease in Systemic Sclerosis: results from a monocentric observational study / Zaccone, V.. - (2026 Mar 24).
Micro and Macrovascular disease in Systemic Sclerosis: results from a monocentric observational study
ZACCONE, VINCENZO
2026-03-24
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by endothelial dysfunction leading to progressive vascular damage and fibrosis. Although microvascular involvement is well recognized as an early hallmark of the disease, macrovascular damage has historically been underestimated and remains largely unexplored in the very early stages of SSc. Studies performing an integrated assessment of both microvascular and macrovascular damage across the entire spectrum of SSc, including Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis (VEDOSS), are currently limited. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, patients with established SSc, VEDOSS, and primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP) were prospectively enrolled between October 2023 and April 2025. Participants underwent a comprehensive microvascular and macrovascular evaluation including nailfold videocapillaroscopy, multi-segment arterial color Doppler ultrasonography (carotid, aortic, and lower limb districts), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and measurement of endothelial biomarkers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, circulating endothelial cells [CECs]). Traditional cardiovascular risk was estimated using SCORE2. Results: A total of 62 female subjects were included (34 SSc, 14 VEDOSS, and 14 PRP). Microvascular abnormalities followed the expected disease continuum, with capillaroscopic changes present in 57% of VEDOSS patients and 91% of SSc patients. Although SCORE2 estimates and carotid intima-media thickness were comparable across groups, macrovascular abnormalities were more frequent in SSc (52.9%) and VEDOSS (50%) than in PRP (21.4%). Levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and CECs were significantly increased in SSc compared with PRP, whereas no significant differences were observed between VEDOSS and PRP. Conclusions: These findings support a unified model of microvascular and macrovascular disease in SSc and demonstrate that macrovascular involvement is already detectable during the VEDOSS stage. Conventional cardiovascular risk scores underestimate the true vascular burden, highlighting the need for disease-specific risk stratification tools integrating vascular imaging and endothelial biomarkers.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


