Over the past decade, wearable technology has become a key tool for the continuous monitoring of human physiological and biomechanical functions. Its growing adoption in healthcare and sports science reflects the demand for unobtrusive systems capable of providing reliable data outside controlled laboratory environments. Cardiorespiratory parameters such as heart rate (HR) and breathing rate (BR) reflect the integrated activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and their autonomic regulation. Wearable devices capable of acquiring electrocardiographic (ECG) and respiratory signals enable real-time and continuous monitoring in daily life, supporting early detection of physiological alterations and long-term health assessment. Similarly, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an increasingly important role in biomechanical analysis in both sports and daily contexts. Their ability to capture movement under real-world conditions allows the evaluation of performance, movement quality, fatigue, and injury risk with high ecological validity. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to wearable monitoring in two domains: cardiorespiratory physiology and sports biomechanics. The first research direction focuses on physiological monitoring. A wireless ECG device (WECG) was evaluated in resting and dynamic conditions to characterize its metrological performance and its ability to extract HR and clinically relevant morphological features. Subsequently, a respiratory sensor based on a 3D-printed composite of thermoplastic polyurethane and carbon black (CB-TPU) was designed, produced, and characterized for detecting chest movements during breathing. Although investigated separately, these devices represent foundational steps toward an integrated cardiopulmonary wearable system. The second research direction addresses biomechanical monitoring through the metrological characterization of an IMU-based wearable system integrated into a sports vest and positioned on the upper back (T1–T3). Two experimental studies evaluated stride duration and jump height. Furthermore, machine learning models were developed to classify activity levels and detect sport-specific actions, enhancing the system’s capabilities for field-based sports monitoring.
Negli ultimi dieci anni, le tecnologie indossabili sono diventate uno strumento fondamentale per il monitoraggio continuo delle funzioni fisiologiche e biomeccaniche umane. La loro crescente diffusione in ambito sanitario e sportivo riflette la necessità di sistemi non invasivi e discreti, in grado di fornire dati affidabili al di fuori di ambienti di laboratorio controllati. Parametri cardiorespiratori quali la frequenza cardiaca (HR) e la frequenza respiratoria (BR) riflettono l’attività integrata dei sistemi cardiovascolare e respiratorio e i meccanismi autonomici che ne regolano l’adattamento alle richieste fisiologiche. I dispositivi wearable capaci di acquisire segnali elettrocardiografici (ECG) e respiratori consentono un monitoraggio continuo e in tempo reale nella vita quotidiana, supportando l’identificazione precoce di alterazioni fisiologiche e il follow-up a lungo termine. Allo stesso modo, le unità di misura inerziali (IMU) rivestono un ruolo sempre più rilevante nell’analisi biomeccanica in ambito sportivo e quotidiano. La loro capacità di acquisire il movimento in condizioni reali permette di valutare le prestazioni, la qualità del movimento, l’affaticamento e il rischio di infortunio con elevata validità ecologica. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è contribuire al progresso del monitoraggio wearable in due ambiti: fisiologia cardiorespiratoria e biomeccanica applicata allo sport. Il primo filone di ricerca riguarda il monitoraggio fisiologico. Un dispositivo ECG wireless (WECG) è stato valutato in condizioni di riposo e dinamiche per caratterizzarne le prestazioni metrologiche e la capacità di estrarre HR e caratteristiche morfologiche clinicamente rilevanti. Successivamente, è stato progettato, realizzato e caratterizzato un sensore respiratorio basato su un composito stampato in 3D di poliuretano termoplastico e carbon black (CB-TPU), in grado di rilevare i movimenti toracici durante la respirazione. Sebbene studiati separatamente, questi dispositivi rappresentano passi fondamentali verso un sistema wearable integrato per la valutazione cardiopolmonare. Il secondo filone di ricerca affronta il monitoraggio biomeccanico attraverso la caratterizzazione metrologica di un sistema wearable basato su IMU, integrato in un gilet sportivo e posizionato nella regione dorsale superiore (T1–T3). Due studi sperimentali hanno valutato la durata del passo e l’altezza del salto. Inoltre, sono stati sviluppati modelli di machine learning per classificare i livelli di attività e rilevare azioni specifiche dello sport, potenziando le capacità del sistema per il monitoraggio in campo.
Wearable measurement systems for cardiorespiratory and biomechanical monitoring / Panni, Luna. - (2026 Mar 20).
Wearable measurement systems for cardiorespiratory and biomechanical monitoring
PANNI, LUNA
2026-03-20
Abstract
Over the past decade, wearable technology has become a key tool for the continuous monitoring of human physiological and biomechanical functions. Its growing adoption in healthcare and sports science reflects the demand for unobtrusive systems capable of providing reliable data outside controlled laboratory environments. Cardiorespiratory parameters such as heart rate (HR) and breathing rate (BR) reflect the integrated activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and their autonomic regulation. Wearable devices capable of acquiring electrocardiographic (ECG) and respiratory signals enable real-time and continuous monitoring in daily life, supporting early detection of physiological alterations and long-term health assessment. Similarly, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an increasingly important role in biomechanical analysis in both sports and daily contexts. Their ability to capture movement under real-world conditions allows the evaluation of performance, movement quality, fatigue, and injury risk with high ecological validity. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to wearable monitoring in two domains: cardiorespiratory physiology and sports biomechanics. The first research direction focuses on physiological monitoring. A wireless ECG device (WECG) was evaluated in resting and dynamic conditions to characterize its metrological performance and its ability to extract HR and clinically relevant morphological features. Subsequently, a respiratory sensor based on a 3D-printed composite of thermoplastic polyurethane and carbon black (CB-TPU) was designed, produced, and characterized for detecting chest movements during breathing. Although investigated separately, these devices represent foundational steps toward an integrated cardiopulmonary wearable system. The second research direction addresses biomechanical monitoring through the metrological characterization of an IMU-based wearable system integrated into a sports vest and positioned on the upper back (T1–T3). Two experimental studies evaluated stride duration and jump height. Furthermore, machine learning models were developed to classify activity levels and detect sport-specific actions, enhancing the system’s capabilities for field-based sports monitoring.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


