Introduction. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, micro- and macrovascular vasculopathy, and fibrosis. Recent data support the “unified vascular framework” model, in which vascular damage represents the central pathogenic event shared across different circulatory districts. However, clinical studies that comprehensively assess microcirculation, macrocirculation, and endothelial biomarkers across the PRP–VEDOSS–SSc spectrum are lacking. Objectives. The aim of this prospective observational study was to multidimensionally characterize vascular impairment in patients with established SSc and VEDOSS compared with individuals with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP), exploring the relationships between microvascular damage, macrovascular alterations, and circulating endothelial dysfunction/damage biomarkers. Methods. A total of 62 adult subjects were enrolled: 34 with SSc (21 lcSSc, 13 dcSSc), 14 VEDOSS, and 14 PRP. All participants underwent clinical evaluation; cardiovascular risk assessment (SCORE2/SCORE2-OP); nailfold videocapillaroscopy; endothelial function assessment via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD); multisegmental arterial duplex ultrasound (carotid-vertebral, aortic, and lower limb districts) including IMT, ABI, and RRI calculation; and standard echocardiography. Laboratory analyses included von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 quantification, and circulating endothelial cell (CEC) enumeration. Statistical analyses included parametric and non-parametric tests, chi-square test, and Spearman correlations; p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Microvascular disease exhibited a significant progression from PRP to VEDOSS to SSc, both in terms of capillaroscopic patterns and history of digital ulcers, confirming microcirculation as the earliest involved vascular district. Macrovascular alterations (plaques, stenoses, occlusions, aneurysms) were more frequent in SSc (52.9%) and VEDOSS (50.0%) than in PRP (21.4%), delineating a potential continuum of macrovascular involvement already in early disease phases, although not reaching statistical significance. Neither SCORE2 nor carotid IMT significantly differed among groups, suggesting that conventional tools do not capture the excess vascular risk in SSc. VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in SSc patients compared with VEDOSS and PRP, whereas ICAM-1 and CEC counts were increased in SSc relative to controls, indicating a progressive gradient of endothelial activation and damage along the disease spectrum. No significant differences in circulating cytokines were observed between PRP and VEDOSS, suggesting that endothelial activation mechanisms are not yet fully established in very early stages. In subjects with ultrasound evidence of atherosclerosis, FMD was reduced and VCAM-1 levels were higher compared with patients without atherosclerosis, supporting a systemic endothelial dysfunction integrating micro- and macroangiopathy. Conclusions. The findings of this study are consistent with the “unified vascular framework,” in which SSc emerges as a systemic vascular disease driven by endothelial injury, characterized by a continuum of micro- and macrovascular damage already present in early disease phases (VEDOSS). The dissociation between estimated cardiovascular risk and actual vascular burden highlights the need to develop SSc-specific predictive scores incorporating endothelial biomarkers such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and CECs. These markers, together with instrumental indicators of vascular damage, may contribute to the identification of high-risk phenotypes and guide early therapeutic strategies aimed at endothelial protection. We observed a higher atherosclerotic burden affecting both VEDOSS and SSc to a similar extent, implying early macrovascular damage in the disease course. However, this early atherogenic process appears to be independent of endothelial dysfunction, since increases in endothelial activation markers and circulating endothelial cells became significant only at more advanced stages. Multicenter studies with larger cohorts and longitudinal follow-up are required to confirm and validate these findings.
Introduzione. La sclerosi sistemica (SSc) è una malattia del tessuto connettivo caratterizzata da disfunzione endoteliale, vasculopatia micro- e macrovascolare e fibrosi. Dati recenti supportano il modello di “unified vascular framework”, in cui il danno vascolare rappresenta l’evento patogenetico centrale e comune ai diversi distretti circolatori. Tuttavia, mancano studi clinici che valutino in modo integrato microcircolo, macrocircolo e biomarcatori endoteliali lungo lo spettro PRP–VEDOSS–SSc. Obiettivi. Scopo di questo studio osservazionale prospettico è stato caratterizzare in maniera multidimensionale la compromissione vascolare nei pazienti con SSc conclamata e VEDOSS rispetto a soggetti con fenomeno di Raynaud primario (PRP), esplorando le relazioni tra danno microvascolare, alterazioni macrovascolari e biomarcatori circolanti di disfunzione/danno endoteliale. Metodi. Sono stati arruolati 62 soggetti adulti: 34 con SSc (21 lcSSc, 13 dcSSc), 14 VEDOSS e 14 PRP. Tutti i partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a valutazione clinica, stima del rischio cardiovascolare (SCORE2/SCORE2-OP), capillaroscopia periungueale, studio della funzione endoteliale mediante flow-mediated dilation (FMD) dell’arteria brachiale, ecocolorDoppler arterioso multisegmentario (distretti carotideo-vertebrale, aortico e arti inferiori) con calcolo di IMT, ABI e RRI, ed ecocardiografia standard. A livello laboratoristico sono stati dosati von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 e conteggiate le circulating endothelial cells (CECs). Le analisi statistiche hanno utilizzato test parametrici e non parametrici, chi-quadrato e correlazioni di Spearman, con p≤0,05 considerato significativo. Risultati. La malattia microvascolare ha mostrato una progressione significativa dal PRP al VEDOSS fino alla SSc, sia in termini di pattern capillaroscopico sia di storia di ulcere digitali, confermando il microcircolo quale primo distretto coinvolto. Le alterazioni macrovascolari (placche, stenosi, occlusioni, aneurismi) erano più frequenti in SSc (52,9%) e VEDOSS (50,0%) rispetto al PRP (21,4%), delineando un possibile continuum di coinvolgimento macrovascolare già nelle fasi precoci, pur in assenza di significatività statistica. Né SCORE2 né l’IMT carotideo differivano significativamente tra i gruppi, suggerendo che gli strumenti convenzionali non colgono l’eccesso di rischio vascolare nella SSc. I livelli di VCAM-1 risultavano significativamente più elevati nei pazienti con SSc rispetto a VEDOSS e PRP, mentre ICAM-1 e CECs erano aumentati nella SSc rispetto ai controlli, indicando un gradiente di attivazione e danno endoteliale lungo lo spettro di malattia. Non sono state osservate differenze significative nelle citochine circolanti tra PRP e VEDOSS, suggerendo che i meccanismi di attivazione endoteliale non siano ancora pienamente attivati nelle fasi molto precoci. Nei soggetti con evidenza di aterosclerosi ecografica la FMD era più ridotta e i livelli di VCAM-1 più elevati rispetto ai pazienti senza aterosclerosi, a sostegno di una disfunzione endoteliale sistemica che integra micro- e macroangiopatia. Conclusioni. I risultati di questo studio sono coerenti con il paradigma dell’“unified vascular framework”, in cui la SSc si configura come una malattia vascolare sistemica a partenza endoteliale, caratterizzata da un continuum di danno micro- e macrovascolare già nelle fasi precoci (VEDOSS). La dissociazione tra rischio cardiovascolare stimato e burden vascolare reale sottolinea la necessità di sviluppare score predittivi specifici per la SSc che includano biomarcatori endoteliali quali VCAM-1, ICAM-1 e CECs. Questi marker, insieme agli indici strumentali di danno vascolare, potrebbero contribuire a identificare fenotipi ad alto rischio e a guidare strategie terapeutiche precoci mirate alla protezione endoteliale. Abbiamo riscontrato un maggiore burden aterosclerotico che coinvolge in maniera analoga VEDOSS e SSc, implicando un danno macrovascolare precoce nel decorso della malattia. Tuttavia, tale processo aterogenico iniziale sembra essere indipendente dalla disfunzione endoteliale, poiché l’incremento dei marker di attivazione endoteliale e delle cellule endoteliali circolanti diventa significativo solo nelle fasi più avanzate. Studi multicentrici con campioni più ampi e follow-up longitudinale sono necessari per confermare e validare tali evidenze.
Micro and Macrovascular disease in Systemic Sclerosis: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study / Zaccone, Vincenzo. - (2026 Mar 31).
Micro and Macrovascular disease in Systemic Sclerosis: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study
ZACCONE, VINCENZO
2026-03-31
Abstract
Introduction. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, micro- and macrovascular vasculopathy, and fibrosis. Recent data support the “unified vascular framework” model, in which vascular damage represents the central pathogenic event shared across different circulatory districts. However, clinical studies that comprehensively assess microcirculation, macrocirculation, and endothelial biomarkers across the PRP–VEDOSS–SSc spectrum are lacking. Objectives. The aim of this prospective observational study was to multidimensionally characterize vascular impairment in patients with established SSc and VEDOSS compared with individuals with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (PRP), exploring the relationships between microvascular damage, macrovascular alterations, and circulating endothelial dysfunction/damage biomarkers. Methods. A total of 62 adult subjects were enrolled: 34 with SSc (21 lcSSc, 13 dcSSc), 14 VEDOSS, and 14 PRP. All participants underwent clinical evaluation; cardiovascular risk assessment (SCORE2/SCORE2-OP); nailfold videocapillaroscopy; endothelial function assessment via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD); multisegmental arterial duplex ultrasound (carotid-vertebral, aortic, and lower limb districts) including IMT, ABI, and RRI calculation; and standard echocardiography. Laboratory analyses included von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 quantification, and circulating endothelial cell (CEC) enumeration. Statistical analyses included parametric and non-parametric tests, chi-square test, and Spearman correlations; p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Microvascular disease exhibited a significant progression from PRP to VEDOSS to SSc, both in terms of capillaroscopic patterns and history of digital ulcers, confirming microcirculation as the earliest involved vascular district. Macrovascular alterations (plaques, stenoses, occlusions, aneurysms) were more frequent in SSc (52.9%) and VEDOSS (50.0%) than in PRP (21.4%), delineating a potential continuum of macrovascular involvement already in early disease phases, although not reaching statistical significance. Neither SCORE2 nor carotid IMT significantly differed among groups, suggesting that conventional tools do not capture the excess vascular risk in SSc. VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in SSc patients compared with VEDOSS and PRP, whereas ICAM-1 and CEC counts were increased in SSc relative to controls, indicating a progressive gradient of endothelial activation and damage along the disease spectrum. No significant differences in circulating cytokines were observed between PRP and VEDOSS, suggesting that endothelial activation mechanisms are not yet fully established in very early stages. In subjects with ultrasound evidence of atherosclerosis, FMD was reduced and VCAM-1 levels were higher compared with patients without atherosclerosis, supporting a systemic endothelial dysfunction integrating micro- and macroangiopathy. Conclusions. The findings of this study are consistent with the “unified vascular framework,” in which SSc emerges as a systemic vascular disease driven by endothelial injury, characterized by a continuum of micro- and macrovascular damage already present in early disease phases (VEDOSS). The dissociation between estimated cardiovascular risk and actual vascular burden highlights the need to develop SSc-specific predictive scores incorporating endothelial biomarkers such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and CECs. These markers, together with instrumental indicators of vascular damage, may contribute to the identification of high-risk phenotypes and guide early therapeutic strategies aimed at endothelial protection. We observed a higher atherosclerotic burden affecting both VEDOSS and SSc to a similar extent, implying early macrovascular damage in the disease course. However, this early atherogenic process appears to be independent of endothelial dysfunction, since increases in endothelial activation markers and circulating endothelial cells became significant only at more advanced stages. Multicenter studies with larger cohorts and longitudinal follow-up are required to confirm and validate these findings.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


