Age and mitochondrial DNA copy number influence the association between outdoor temperature and cognitive function

Background: General cognitive function deteriorates with aging, a change that has been linked to outdoor temperature. Older individuals have reduced ability to adapt to changes in outdoor temperature than younger people. However, to what extent short-Term changes in outdoor temperature interact with mitochondria to affect cognition in older people has not yet been determined. Methods: Our study included 591 participants of the Normative Aging Study who underwent multiple examinations between 2000 and 2013. Cognitive function was evaluated via the Mini-Mental State Examination. Outdoor temperature was estimated at residential addresses 1 day before the examination using on a validated spatiotemporal temperature model. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) was determined using buffy coat samples. Results: We found an interaction between temperature, age, mtDNAcn, and cognition. In individuals 84 years of age or older, cooler temperature was associated with low cognition (odds ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 1.35 for a 1°C decrease in temperature; P = 0.007). We found higher odds ratio per 1°C decrease in temperature among individuals with lower mtDNAcn (β3= 0.12; 95% confidence interval = 0.01, 0.22; Pinteraction= 0.02). Conclusions: Our findings, albeit potentially underpowered, suggest that older individuals may be more susceptible to the influence of short-Term temperature exposure on cognition. Moreover, the level of mtDNAcn may also modify the association between temperature and cognitive function, indicating a possible role of these cellular elements in this relationship.