Introduction: Preterm infants are a high risk of developing respiratory distress at birth and of experiencing long-term respiratory complications. Despite significant advancements in neonatology, such as the introduction of prenatal corticosteroid administration, surfactant therapy, and the adoption of novel ventilatory and nutritional strategies, which have led to considerable improvements in neonatal outcomes, the impact of chronic respiratory complications continues to significantly affect the future quality of life of these patients. Objective: The aim of this thesis was to enhance the understanding of respiratory disease in preterm infants, with a particular focus on surfactant therapy and the factors influencing respiratory function and lung development. Main Results: Studies conducted on preterm infants with gestational ages below 32 weeks revealed that the administration of the highest dose of surfactant, amounting to 200 mg/kg, for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with a significant reduction in the need for a second dose, the duration of respiratory support, and the incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). Additionally, a second dose of surfactant was more frequently administered in cases of maternal hypertension or in Small for Gestational Age (SGA) infants. SGA infants demonstrated a higher incidence of BPD and, even among those who did not develop chronic respiratory disease, oxygen diffusion in the lungs at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age was reduced in comparison with Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA) infants. In the AGA group, mother own milk was found to reduce the risk of developing BPD. Studies conducted on preterm infants with gestational ages above 32 weeks showed that late preterm infants who develop RDS at birth, exhibited an endogenous surfactant deficit comparable to that of moderately preterm infants. Early administration of exogenous surfactant, both in terms of timing and severity of the disease, was associated with a better response. Finally, a novel device, the Oxygen Reduction Test (ORT), was developed to reduce the fraction of inspired oxygen below 21% through nitrogen dilution and to accurately measure blood oxygen saturation using four high-precision pulse oximeters. The ORT enabled the differentiation of the degree of oxygenation among infants of various gestational ages breathing room air at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, considered free from residual respiratory disease in routine clinical practice. ORT proved useful for studying interindividual variations in pulmonary development and the efficacy of specific respiratory treatments.
Introduzione: I neonati pretermine presentano un elevato rischio di manifestare distress respiratorio alla nascita e di sviluppare complicanze respiratorie a lungo termine. Nonostante i significativi progressi in neonatologia, quali l'introduzione della somministrazione prenatale di corticosteroidi, la terapia con surfattante e l'adozione di nuove strategie ventilatorie e nutrizionali, abbiano portato ad un notevole miglioramento degli outcome neonatali, l’impatto delle complicanze respiratorie croniche continua a influenzare in modo significativo la qualità della vita futura di questi pazienti. Obiettivo: L'obiettivo generale di questa tesi è stato accrescere le conoscenze sulla patologia respiratoria nel neonato pretermine, con un focus particolare sulla terapia con surfattante e sui fattori che influenzano la funzionalità respiratoria e lo sviluppo polmonare. Risultati Principali: Dagli studi condotti su neonati pretermine di età gestazionale inferiore alle 32 settimane, è emerso che la somministrazione della dose più elevata di surfattante, pari a 200 mg/kg, per il trattamento della sindrome da distress respiratorio (RDS) neonatale, è associata a una significativa riduzione della necessità di una seconda dose, della durata del supporto respiratorio e dell’incidenza di Displasia Broncopolmonare (BPD). È stato osservato che una seconda dose di surfattante viene somministrata più frequentemente in presenza di ipertensione arteriosa materna o di neonato piccolo per l’età gestazionale (SGA). I neonati SGA mostrano una maggiore incidenza di BPD e, anche tra quelli che non sviluppano tale patologia respiratoria cronica, la diffusione polmonare di ossigeno a 36 settimane di gestazione è peggiore rispetto ai neonati con peso appropriato per l’età gestazionale (AGA). In quest’ultimo gruppo di pazienti AGA, l’alimentazione con latte materno riduce il rischio di BPD. Dagli studi condotti sui neonati pretermine con età gestazionale superiore alle 32 settimane, è stato dimostrato che i neonati con prematurità lieve che sviluppano RDS alla nascita presentano un deficit di surfattante endogeno simile a quello dei pazienti con prematurità più marcata. È stata inoltre riscontrata una migliore risposta al surfattante esogeno quando la somministrazione avviene precocemente, sia in termini di tempestività che di gravità della patologia. Infine, è stato sviluppato un nuovo strumento, il Test di Riduzione dell’Ossigeno (ORT), in grado di ridurre la frazione di ossigeno nell’aria inspirata al di sotto del 21%, mediante diluizione con azoto, e di misurare accuratamente la saturazione di ossigeno nel sangue tramite 4 pulsiossimetri ad alta precisione. L’ORT ha permesso di differenziare il grado di ossigenazione di pazienti nati a diverse età gestazionali in respiro spontaneo a 36 settmane di età post-mestruale, considerati nella normale pratica clinica esenti da patologia respiratoria residua. L’ORT è risultato, così, utile per studiare le variazioni interindividuali nello sviluppo polmonare e l’efficacia di trattamenti respiratori specifici.
Small babies...small lungs? / Lanciotti, Lucia. - (2025 Mar 31).
Small babies...small lungs?
LANCIOTTI, LUCIA
2025-03-31
Abstract
Introduction: Preterm infants are a high risk of developing respiratory distress at birth and of experiencing long-term respiratory complications. Despite significant advancements in neonatology, such as the introduction of prenatal corticosteroid administration, surfactant therapy, and the adoption of novel ventilatory and nutritional strategies, which have led to considerable improvements in neonatal outcomes, the impact of chronic respiratory complications continues to significantly affect the future quality of life of these patients. Objective: The aim of this thesis was to enhance the understanding of respiratory disease in preterm infants, with a particular focus on surfactant therapy and the factors influencing respiratory function and lung development. Main Results: Studies conducted on preterm infants with gestational ages below 32 weeks revealed that the administration of the highest dose of surfactant, amounting to 200 mg/kg, for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with a significant reduction in the need for a second dose, the duration of respiratory support, and the incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). Additionally, a second dose of surfactant was more frequently administered in cases of maternal hypertension or in Small for Gestational Age (SGA) infants. SGA infants demonstrated a higher incidence of BPD and, even among those who did not develop chronic respiratory disease, oxygen diffusion in the lungs at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age was reduced in comparison with Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA) infants. In the AGA group, mother own milk was found to reduce the risk of developing BPD. Studies conducted on preterm infants with gestational ages above 32 weeks showed that late preterm infants who develop RDS at birth, exhibited an endogenous surfactant deficit comparable to that of moderately preterm infants. Early administration of exogenous surfactant, both in terms of timing and severity of the disease, was associated with a better response. Finally, a novel device, the Oxygen Reduction Test (ORT), was developed to reduce the fraction of inspired oxygen below 21% through nitrogen dilution and to accurately measure blood oxygen saturation using four high-precision pulse oximeters. The ORT enabled the differentiation of the degree of oxygenation among infants of various gestational ages breathing room air at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, considered free from residual respiratory disease in routine clinical practice. ORT proved useful for studying interindividual variations in pulmonary development and the efficacy of specific respiratory treatments.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.