Coastal aquifers provide a source of freshwater for more than one billion people living in coastal areas, supporting economic activities and maintaining ecosystems. Salinization of groundwater is one of the most alarming and widespread challenges threatening the resilience of these very important but fragile reservoirs. Groundwater uncontrolled exploitation, together with adverse effects of climate change (e.g., sea level rise, increase of atmospheric temperatures) are exacerbating the problem, deteriorating water quantity and quality. Proper long-term planning and management is essential to tackle this challenge and ensure sustainable water supply, which can guide decision making in these areas. To this end, the extent and spatial distribution of salinization must be quantified by understanding the different mechanisms controlling its dynamics. In this context, the present thesis deals with investigating the origin and dynamics of coastal aquifer salinization processes in response to natural courses and anthropogenic activities. Four distinct coastal environments have been selected to achieve the study objectives. Although similarities between natural and anthropogenic conditions are present, each environment features distinctive characteristics and challenges that underline its importance by offering the possibility of analyzing the problem from different points of view. The thesis is divided into two main parts: the first part uses field data analysis and geostatistical methods to develop conceptual models able to describe the sources of salinity and the hydrogeological dynamics within the aquifers under study; in the second part, numerical models of flow and transport are developed to predict groundwater salinization spatial and temporal distribution, quantifying the impact of different anthropogenic and climatic stresses over long periods. The combination of field data analysis, conceptual model development and numerical simulations has made it possible to identify key factors affecting water quality at different scales, recognizing the pivotal role of paleo seawater intrusions and the complex interplay between aquifer, surface water bodies and climatic forces. The methodology developed represents a useful tool for studying water resources in other coastal areas and the results provide relevant insights for sustainable management of these vulnerable and dynamic environments.
Le falde acquifere costiere rappresentano una fonte di acqua dolce per più di un miliardo di persone che vivono in zone costiere, sostenendo attività economiche e supportando ecosistemi. La salinizzazione delle acque sotterranee è una delle sfide più allarmanti e diffuse che minacciano la resilienza di queste riserve importantissime, ma fragili allo stesso tempo. Lo sfruttamento incontrollato di queste riserve idriche, insieme agli effetti avversi del cambiamento climatico (e.g., innalzamento del livello medio dei mari, incremento delle temperature atmosferiche) stanno esacerbando il problema, diminuendo la disponibilità e deteriorando la qualità delle acque. Per affrontare questa sfida e garantire un approvvigionamento idrico sostenibile è indispensabile una corretta pianificazione e gestione a lungo termine delle acque sotterranee che possa guidare il processo decisionale in tali aree. A tal fine occorre quantificare l’entità e la distribuzione spaziale della salinizzazione comprendendone i diversi meccanismi che ne controllano le dinamiche. In questo contesto, la presente tesi si occupa di indagare l’origine e le dinamiche dei processi di salinizzazione di acquiferi costieri in risposta a processi naturali e attività antropogeniche. Quattro ambienti costieri distinti sono stati selezionati per realizzare gli obiettivi di studio. Anche se analogie tra condizioni naturali e antropogeniche sono presenti, ogni ambiente mostra caratteristiche distintive e minacce che ne sottolineano l’importanza, offrendo la possibilità di analizzare la problematica da diversi punti di vista. La tesi è divisa in due parti principali: la prima parte prevede l’utilizzo di analisi dei dati di campo e l’applicazione di metodi geostatistici per sviluppare modelli concettuali in grado di descrivere la dinamica idrogeologica all’interno delle falde acquifere in esame; nella seconda parte vengono sviluppati modelli numerici di flusso e trasporto per valutare i processi di salinizzazione delle acque sotterranee, quantificando l’impatto di diversi stress antropici e climatici su periodi più estesi. La combinazione di analisi di campo, sviluppo di modelli concettuali e simulazioni numeriche ha permesso di identificare i fattori chiave che influenzano la qualità dell’acqua a diverse scale, riconoscendo il ruolo decisivo delle intrusioni di acqua paleo-marina e la complessa interazione tra falda acquifera, corpi idrici superficiali e forze climatiche. La metodologia sviluppata rappresenta uno strumento utile per lo studio delle risorse idriche in altre aree costiere e i risultati offrono spunti rilevanti per una gestione sostenibile di queste aree.
SALINIZATION PROCESSES IN COASTAL AQUIFERS - Investigating salinity sources and dynamics in coastal aquifers under natural and anthropogenic pressures via numerical modeling and laboratory experiments / Gaiolini, Mattia. - (2025 Mar 27).
SALINIZATION PROCESSES IN COASTAL AQUIFERS - Investigating salinity sources and dynamics in coastal aquifers under natural and anthropogenic pressures via numerical modeling and laboratory experiments
GAIOLINI, MATTIA
2025-03-27
Abstract
Coastal aquifers provide a source of freshwater for more than one billion people living in coastal areas, supporting economic activities and maintaining ecosystems. Salinization of groundwater is one of the most alarming and widespread challenges threatening the resilience of these very important but fragile reservoirs. Groundwater uncontrolled exploitation, together with adverse effects of climate change (e.g., sea level rise, increase of atmospheric temperatures) are exacerbating the problem, deteriorating water quantity and quality. Proper long-term planning and management is essential to tackle this challenge and ensure sustainable water supply, which can guide decision making in these areas. To this end, the extent and spatial distribution of salinization must be quantified by understanding the different mechanisms controlling its dynamics. In this context, the present thesis deals with investigating the origin and dynamics of coastal aquifer salinization processes in response to natural courses and anthropogenic activities. Four distinct coastal environments have been selected to achieve the study objectives. Although similarities between natural and anthropogenic conditions are present, each environment features distinctive characteristics and challenges that underline its importance by offering the possibility of analyzing the problem from different points of view. The thesis is divided into two main parts: the first part uses field data analysis and geostatistical methods to develop conceptual models able to describe the sources of salinity and the hydrogeological dynamics within the aquifers under study; in the second part, numerical models of flow and transport are developed to predict groundwater salinization spatial and temporal distribution, quantifying the impact of different anthropogenic and climatic stresses over long periods. The combination of field data analysis, conceptual model development and numerical simulations has made it possible to identify key factors affecting water quality at different scales, recognizing the pivotal role of paleo seawater intrusions and the complex interplay between aquifer, surface water bodies and climatic forces. The methodology developed represents a useful tool for studying water resources in other coastal areas and the results provide relevant insights for sustainable management of these vulnerable and dynamic environments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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