Has robot-assisted pyeloplasty reached outcome parity with laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children <15 kg? A Paediatric YAU international multi-center study

Introduction: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJO), is a major cause of pathological hydronephrosis in children. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), including laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP), has gained popularity due to its known advantages. LP faces technical difficulties and a steep learning curve. RALP has overcome these limitations, making it safer and more effective for children. The study aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of LP and RALP in infants weighing ≤15&nbsp;kg. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective analysis (2010-2022). The study included pediatric patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of UPJO and weighed ≤15&nbsp;kg. The patients were divided into two groups: LP and RALP. The study evaluated preoperative, intraoperative, perioperative, and follow-up data, including complications. Success was defined as no worsening of hydronephrosis on postoperative ultrasound in the first year of follow-up. Results: The total patients were 94: 42 in the LP group, and 52 in the RALP group. The median age at the intervention was 17.5 months (LAP group) versus 29 months (RALP group) (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.01). The median weight at the time of intervention was 9.5&nbsp;Kg (LP group), and 11.6&nbsp;Kg (RALP group) (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.44). The median operative time was significantly longer in the LP group: 245&nbsp;min versus 125.5&nbsp;min in the RALP group (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.001). The median length of hospitalization was comparable: 4.3 days (LP group) and 3.5 days (RALP group) (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.42). No intraoperative complications were reported in either group. There were no statistically significant differences regarding postoperative complications. During follow-up, all patients remained asymptomatic, with no episodes of urinary tract infection or abdominal pain, and none of them had a recurrence of UPJ obstruction. Consequently, the two techniques are equally effective and safe in the short term. Discussion: Both procedures offer excellent outcomes with comparable postoperative complications. LOS was similar for both groups, with no intraoperative complications or conversions, and a non-significant increase in postoperative complications. A notable finding was the significant difference in operation times between the procedures, emphasizing the importance of reduced surgical time in pediatric patients for minimizing anesthetic and intubation durations. Conclusion: For the absence of intra- and postoperative complications and recurrences, RALP is as effective as LP in pyeloplasty in children weighing 15&nbsp;kg or less. This finding reinforces the idea that RALP can be safely executed, benefiting from its advanced technology and the learning curve, for patients of any age regarding pyeloplasty for UPJO.