Genomic analysis of enterococci carrying optrA, poxtA, and vanA resistance genes from wild boars, Italy

Aims: To investigate enterococci carrying linezolid and vancomycin resistance genes from fecal samples recovered from wild boars. Methods and results: Florfenicol- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, isolated on selective agar plates, were screened by PCR for the presence of linezolid and vancomycin resistance genes. Five isolates carried optrA or poxtA linezolid resistance genes; one strain was resistant to vancomycin for the presence of vanA gene. All isolates were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility and subjected to WGS analysis. In Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) V1344 and V1676, the optrA was located on the new pV1344-optrA and pV1676-optrA plasmids, respectively, whereas in Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) V1339 this gene was on a 22 354-bp chromosomal genetic context identical to the one detected in a human E. faecium isolate. In both E. faecium V1682 and Enterococcus durans V1343 poxtA was on the p1818-c plasmid previously found in a human E. faecium isolate. In E. faecium V1328, the vanA gene was on the Tn1546 transposon in turn located on a new pV1328-vanA plasmid. Only E. faecium V1682 successfully transferred the poxtA gene to an enterococcal recipient in filter mating assays. Conclusions: The occurrence of genetic elements carrying linezolid and vancomycin resistance genes in enterococci from wild boars is a matter of concern, moreover the sharing of plasmids and transposons between isolates from wild animals, human, and environment indicates an exchange of genetic material between these settings.