Emerging Marine Biotoxins EMBs are defined as those toxins from microalgal or bacterial origin including palytoxins (PLTXs), cyclic imines (CIs), azaspiracids (AZAs) and tetrodotoxins (TTXs). In the last years, they are often detected in the Mediterranean Sea causing great concerns for the environment, human health and fishing industry. The aim of this PhD project was to investigate the presence of EMBs, their trophic transfer, and the ecotoxicological impact. Different sampling points in the frame of biotoxins regional monitoring plan in mussels of the Marche coast were identified. Methods in Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of EMBs, were implemented obtaining good performances. Microbiological and molecular analyses to characterize potential TTX producer bacteria were performed. For trophic transfer of ovatoxins (OVTXs), exposure experiment to contaminate mussels with Ostreopsis cf. ovata was conducted. Mussels accumulated OVTXs, then were used as feeding fish in the exposure of seabreams. Transcriptomic and histological analyses, FTIRI measurements were carried out in fish liver. CIs and AZAs were found at low levels in local mussels. Mussels from Pesaro and Ancona natural banks were contaminated by TTX, with some samples that exceeded the EFSA guidance level. Mussels from Molo Portonovo reached significant high levels in early June 2021 and also other matrices such as mesozooplankton and phytoplankton were contaminated by TTX. In the mussel samples analysed only colonies of V. alginolyticus were isolated and confirmed by PCR. Biosynthesis genes were found in the about half of the samples. PLTXs were measured at low levels in mussels collected in September 2021 at Portonovo station. Mussels exposed accumulated OVTXs, but different tissues of exposed seabreams didn’t show detectable OVTX levels. However FTIRI and histological analyses underlined a decrease of lipid content in liver seabreams. Until now EMBs not represent a risk for human health an environment, but due to ongoing climate changes, would be necessary to check their presence.
Le Biotossine Marine Emergenti EMBs sono tossine di origine algale o batterica che includono palitossine (PLTXs), immine cicliche (CIs), azaspiracidi (AZAs) e tetrodotossine (TTXs). Recentemente le EMBs sono state rilevate nel Mar Mediterraneo, destando preoccupazioni per l’ambiente, l’uomo e la pesca. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato quello di indagare la presenza delle EMBs, il loro trasferimento trofico e l’impatto ecotossicologico. Sono stati individuati diversi punti di campionamento nell'ambito del piano di monitoraggio regionale delle biotossine nei mitili della costa marchigiana. Metodi in cromatografia liquida accoppiata alla spettrometria di massa tandem per l'analisi delle EMBs, sono stati implementati ottenendo ottime prestazioni. Analisi microbiologiche e molecolari sono state eseguite per caratterizzare i potenziali batteri produttori di TTX. Per il trasferimento trofico delle ovatossine (OVTXs), è stato condotto un esperimento di esposizione per contaminare i mitili con Ostreopsis cf. ovata, che sono stati successivamente utilizzati per alimentare le orate. Sul fegato dei pesci sono state effettuate analisi di trascrittomica, istologiche e misurazioni FTIRI. Sia le CIs che gli AZAs sono stati riscontrati a bassi livelli nei mitili marchigiani. I mitili dei banchi naturali di Pesaro e di Ancona sono risultati contaminati da TTX, con livelli a volte superiori il livello guida dell'EFSA. Nel sito Molo Portonovo elevate concentrazioni sono state raggiunte all'inizio di giugno 2021, ed anche lo zooplancton e il fitoplancton sono risultati contaminati da TTX. Solo colonie di V. alginolyticus, sono state isolate dai mitili e confermate mediante PCR. I geni target sono stati trovati in circa metà dei campioni. Basse concentrazioni di PLTXs sono state riscontrate a settembre 2021 nei mitili di Portonovo. I tessuti delle orate esposte non hanno mostrato livelli rilevabili di OVTXs, nonostante siano state nutrite con mitili contaminati da OVTXs. Tuttavia l’analisi FTIRI ed istologica hanno mostrato una diminuzione del contenuto lipidico. Ad oggi le EMBs non rappresentano una minaccia, ma visti i cambiamenti climatici in corso, sarebbe opportuno monitorarle, mediante specifici piani di sorveglianza.
Emerging Biotoxins in marine organisms: chemical methods of analysis, bioaccumulation and eco-toxicological studies / Siracusa, Melania. - (2024 Mar 06).
Emerging Biotoxins in marine organisms: chemical methods of analysis, bioaccumulation and eco-toxicological studies.
SIRACUSA, MELANIA
2024-03-06
Abstract
Emerging Marine Biotoxins EMBs are defined as those toxins from microalgal or bacterial origin including palytoxins (PLTXs), cyclic imines (CIs), azaspiracids (AZAs) and tetrodotoxins (TTXs). In the last years, they are often detected in the Mediterranean Sea causing great concerns for the environment, human health and fishing industry. The aim of this PhD project was to investigate the presence of EMBs, their trophic transfer, and the ecotoxicological impact. Different sampling points in the frame of biotoxins regional monitoring plan in mussels of the Marche coast were identified. Methods in Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of EMBs, were implemented obtaining good performances. Microbiological and molecular analyses to characterize potential TTX producer bacteria were performed. For trophic transfer of ovatoxins (OVTXs), exposure experiment to contaminate mussels with Ostreopsis cf. ovata was conducted. Mussels accumulated OVTXs, then were used as feeding fish in the exposure of seabreams. Transcriptomic and histological analyses, FTIRI measurements were carried out in fish liver. CIs and AZAs were found at low levels in local mussels. Mussels from Pesaro and Ancona natural banks were contaminated by TTX, with some samples that exceeded the EFSA guidance level. Mussels from Molo Portonovo reached significant high levels in early June 2021 and also other matrices such as mesozooplankton and phytoplankton were contaminated by TTX. In the mussel samples analysed only colonies of V. alginolyticus were isolated and confirmed by PCR. Biosynthesis genes were found in the about half of the samples. PLTXs were measured at low levels in mussels collected in September 2021 at Portonovo station. Mussels exposed accumulated OVTXs, but different tissues of exposed seabreams didn’t show detectable OVTX levels. However FTIRI and histological analyses underlined a decrease of lipid content in liver seabreams. Until now EMBs not represent a risk for human health an environment, but due to ongoing climate changes, would be necessary to check their presence.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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