Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are the most common benign, monoclonal, gynecological tumors in women’s uterus. They affect about 77% of women of reproductive age, while the malignant transformation of the myometrium brings to the leiomyosarcoma, a rare entity among malignant gynecologic tumors with a very unfavorable prognosis and the highest prevalence (60-70%) in the pre- and peri-menoapuse During these PhD years i participated in the deepening of the study of fibrotic pathologies of the uterine muscle tissue, through the analysis of the current literature, contributing to the drafting of some reviews, and of a chapter of a book titled “The ethiopathogenesis of uterine myomas”, in the book “Uterine fibroids: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy” concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms characterizing the onset of leiomyoma, and potential therapeutic approaches. The study of microscopic and macroscopic vascular aspects of uterine fibroids is important for understanding the clinical manifestations of uterine fibroids which often cause heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding and anaemia. For this reason, in the review “Uterine fibroid vascularization: from morphological evidence to clinical implications” we have deepened the anatomical, morphological and biomolecular aspects related to angiogenic mechanisms with diagnostic and clinical information, highlighting the various interconnections. The leiomyomas are considered typical fibrotic disorder, characterized by an upregulation of proteins constituting the extracellular matrix, as collagen1A1, fibronectin, and versican, and this is an indication of an alteration of the formation of the latter, which could be the result of an excessive wound healing, in turn driven by a dysregulated inflammation process. We have delved in the review “Macrophages and Immune Responses in Uterine Fibroids” into aspects of macrophage dysregulation, proliferation, accumulation and infiltration that could lead to an uncontrolled tissue repair and to the pathological consequent fibrosis. Also sex hormones play a specific role among the causes underlying the etiology of uterine fibroid. In particular, progesterone promotes its growth by interacting and regulating some ECM proteins and various growth factors, and and this has increased the interest over the years in compounds of natural origin with a progestin effects in the treatment of various female pathologies, including fibroma, as we have detailed in the review “Phytoprogestins: Unexplored Food Compounds with Potential Preventive and Therapeutic in Female Diseases”, where we identified some phytoprogestins that could be a promising tool for preventing and treating hormone-dependent diseases. An abnormal synthesis and deposition of collagen, a crucial component of ECM, can cause its excessive stiffness. In our research work “Uterine leiomyoma as useful model to unveil morphometric and macromolecular collagen state and impairment in fibrotic diseases: An ex-vivo human study” we investigated the tridimensional organization and secondary structure of collagen in uterine leiomyoma samples, through a multidisciplinary approach based on PhC-microCT and FTIRI (Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging analysis) ,coupled with optical and electron mycroscopies, that have provided us with important information regarding the different arrangement of collagen fibers between pathological and healthy tissus, also in relation with treatment with targeted molecules such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) omega-3 fatty acids, able to modulate collagen signaling. In the promotion of the uterine fibrotic process, activin A plays a key role, which is highly expressed in leiomyoma tissue compared with adjacent myometrial tissues, Since the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), acting as paracrine or autocrine cue, plays an important role in the development of fibrosis in a variety of cells, by acting in conjunction with other molecules, such as the inflammatory citokines that stimulate growth factors production, in the following research work “Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in uterine fibroids: implication in activin A profibrotic effect” we evaluated the S1P pathway expression in uterine fibroids and its possible cross-talk with activin A in modulating the fibrogenetic mechanism in uterine fibroids. This work highlights the expression of SK1 and SK2, the enzymes sphingosine kinase responsible for S1P formation, and S1P2, S1P3, and S1P5 receptors was significantly augmented in leiomyomas compared with adjacent myometrium, confirming a dysregulation of S1P signaling and metabolism in uterine fibroid. Furthermore, in leiomyoma cells, but not in myometrial cells, activin A increased mRNA expression levels of SK1, SK2, and S1P2, and its profibrotic action was abolished when SK1/2 were inhibited or S1P2/3 were blocked, while S1P augmented by itself mRNA levels of fibrotic markers (fibronectin, collagen 1A1) and activin A in leiomyomas but not in myometrial cells, confirming that the possible S1P cross-talk with the fibrotic effect of activin A could open new perspectives for uterine fibroid treatment. Since in the literature the model systems for studying uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma are mostly limited to primary cell culture in monolayers, xenografts and transgenic mouse model, that have several limitations, in the third research work “Establishment of 3D cultures of myometrium, leiomyoma, and leiomyosarcoma cells, and their application: two models compared”, we decided to deepen the study of these pathologies by developing two different three-dimensional models: agarose gel and Bioprinting INKREDIBLE+ (CELLINK). The leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cells embedded in two different matrices, as agarose and alginate, in their growth medium formed spheroids with succesfully proliferate and self-organized into complex structures developing a susteinable spheroids culture, that emulates the condition of leiomyoma through the accumulation of ECM , suggesting the potential use of this model for a better underestunding pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis through molecular and ultrastructural studies, and testing a new prevention methods and alternative preventive drug. In the process of inflammation and fibrosis that characterize the etiology of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma could play an important role hypusinated form of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A, and in the research work 4 “Hypusinated eIF5A in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma pathologies: a possible novel therapeutic target” we investigated its role in cellular regulation and in the fibrosis process, confirming an increase in the expression of the ipusinate form from normal myometrium to neoplastic benign leiomyoma up to neoplastic malignant leiomyosarcoma. Our data demonstrates, after its inhibition with N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC-7), a reduced cell proliferation in myometrium, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cell lines, and reduced the expression of fibronectin in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cells. Since the immunohistochemical staining of leiomyosarcoma tissue revealed that fibronectin was highly expressed in the malignant aggressive (central) part of the leiomyosarcoma lesion, where hypusinated eIF5A was also highly represented, this confirmed a correlation between the two molecules, given that hypusinated eIF5A could, therefore, be involved also in the pathogenesis of the leiomyosarcoma through regulation of fibronectin expression, becoming a candidate as new therapeutic target for these uterine pathologies.
I leiomiomi uterini, o fibromi, sono definiti tumori benigni, monoclonali e ginecologici più comuni dell'utero. Colpiscono circa il 77% delle donne in età riproduttiva, mentre la trasformazione maligna del miometrio porta al leiomiosarcoma, una forma rara tra i tumori ginecologici maligni, caratterizzata da una prognosi molto sfavorevole e da prevalenza meggiore(60-70%) nel periodo pre e nel peri-menopausa. Durante questi anni di dottorato ho partecipato all'approfondimento dello studio delle patologie fibrotiche del tessuto muscolare uterino, attraverso l'analisi della letteratura attuale, contribuendo alla stesura di alcune review, e di un capitolo di un libro intitolato “L’ eziopatogenesi dei miomi uterini”, nel libro “Fibromi uterini: patogenesi, diagnosi e terapia” riguardante i meccanismi patogenetici che caratterizzano l'insorgenza del leiomioma e di possibili approcci terapeutici. Lo studio degli aspetti vascolari microscopici e macroscopici dei fibromi uterini è importante per comprendere le manifestazioni cliniche dei fibromi uterini che spesso causano mestruazioni abbondanti e prolungate e anemia. Per questo nella rivista Uterine fibroid vascularization: from morphological evidence to clinical implications” abbiamo approfondito gli aspetti anatomici, morfologici e biomolecolari relativi ai meccanismi angiogenici con informazioni diagnostiche e cliniche, evidenziandone le varie interconnessioni. I leiomiomi sono considerati tipici disordini fibrotici, caratterizzati da una sovraregolazione delle proteine costituenti la matrice extracellulare, come il collagene1A1, la fibronectina e il versicano, e questo è indice di un'alterazione della formazione di quest'ultima, che potrebbe essere il risultato di un eccessivo meccanismo di riparazione del danno tissutale, a sua volta guidato da una disregolazione del processo infiamamtorio. Abbiamo approfondito nella review “Macrophages and Immune Responses in Uterine Fibroids” aspetti di disregolazione, proliferazione, accumulo e infiltrazione dei macrofagi che potrebbero portare ad una riparazione tissutale incontrollata e alla conseguente fibrosi patologica. Anche gli ormoni sessuali giocano un ruolo specifico tra le cause alla base dell'eziologia del fibroma uterino. In particolare, il progesterone ne favorisce la crescita interagendo e regolando alcune proteine della ECM e vari fattori di crescita, e ciò ha incrementato l'interesse nel corso deli anni per composti di origine naturale ad effetto progestinico nel trattamento di diverse patologie femminili, tra cui il fibroma, come abbiamo approfondito nella rivista "Phytoprogestins: Unexplored Food Compounds with Potential Preventive and Therapeutic in Female Diseases", dove abbiamo identificato alcuni fitoprogestinici che potrebbero costituire un’alternativa promettente nella cura e nella prevenzione delle malattie su base ormonale. Un'anomala sintesi e deposizione di collagene, che è un componente cruciale della ECM, può causarne un'eccessiva rigidità. Nel nostro lavoro di ricerca " Uterine leiomyoma as useful model to unveil morphometric and macromolecular collagen state and impairment in fibrotic diseases: An ex-vivo human study " abbiamo approfondito lo studio dell'organizzazione tridimensionale e della struttura secondaria del collagene nei campioni di leiomioma uterino, attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare basato su PhC-microCT e FTIRI (Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging analysis), unite alle tecniche di microscopia ottica ed elettronica, che ci hanno fornito importanti informazioni sulla diversa disposizione delle fibre di collagene tra il tessuto patologico e sano, anche in relazione al trattamento con molecole come acidi grassi omega-3 EPA (acido eicosapentaenoico) e DHA (acido docosaesaenoico), in grado di modulare l’espressione del collagene. L’activina A gioca un ruolo chiave nella promozione del processo fibrotico uterino, infatti risulta essere altamente espressa nel tessuto del leiomioma rispetto ai tessuti miometriali adiacenti. Poiché la sfingosina-1-fosfato (S1P), attraverso un’azione paracrina e autocrina, svolge un ruolo importante ruolo nello sviluppo della fibrosi in una varietà di cellule, agendo in combinazione con altre molecole, come le citochine infiammatorie che stimolano la produzione di fattori di crescita, nel seguente lavoro di ricerca “Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in uterine fibroids: implication in activin A profibrotic effect” abbiamo valutato l'espressione della via di segnalazione di S1P nei fibromi uterini e il suo possibile cross-talk con l'activina A nel modulare il meccanismo fibrotico nei leiomiomi. Questo lavoro evidenzia che l'espressione di SK1 e SK2, gli enzimi sfingosina chinasi responsabili della formazione di S1P, e dei recettori S1P2, S1P3 e S1P5 risulta essere significativamente aumentata nei leiomiomi rispetto al miometrio adiacente, confermando una disregolazione della segnalazione di S1P e del suo metabolismo nel fibroma uterino. Inoltre, nelle cellule di leiomioma, ma non nelle cellule di miometrio, l'activina A comporta l’aumentato dei livelli di espressione dell'mRNA di SK1, SK2 e di S1P2 e la sua azione profibrotica cala quando SK1/2 viene inibita o S1P2/3 viene bloccata. La sfingosina-1-fosfato provoca l’aumento dei livelli di mRNA dei marcatori fibrotici (fibronectina, collagene 1A1) e dell’activina A nei leiomiomi ma non nelle cellule miometriali, confermando che il possibile cross-talk tra le due molecole potrebbe fornire nuove prospettive per il trattamento del fibroma uterino. Poiché in letteratura i modelli di studio del leiomioma e del leiomiosarcoma uterino sono per lo più limitati a colture cellulari primarie in monostrato, xenotrapianti e modelli murini transgenici, che presentano diverse limitazioni, nel terzo lavoro di ricerca “Establishment of 3D cultures of myometrium, leiomyoma, and leiomyosarcoma cells, and their application: two models compared”, abbiamo deciso di approfondire lo studio di queste patologie sviluppando due diversi modelli tridimensionali: gel di agarosio e Bioprinting INKREDIBLE+ (CELLINK). Le cellule di leiomioma e leiomiosarcoma incluse, oltre che nel loro mezzo di crescita, anche in due diverse matrici, come agarosio e alginato, hanno proliferato e si sono assemblate autonomamente in strutture tridimensionali complesse, sviluppando una coltura di sferoidi sostenibile, che emula la condizione patologica alla base del leiomioma mediante l'accumulo di ECM. Ciò ne confermando il potenziale utilizzo per una migliore comprensione non solo della fisiopatologia e dell'eziologia della fibrosi uterina attraverso studi molecolari e ultrastrutturali, ma anche rappresentando un modello valido e alternativo per testare farmaci. Nel processo di infiammazione e fibrosi che caratterizza l'eziologia del leiomioma e del leiomiosarcoma potrebbe avere un ruolo determinante la forma ipusinata del fattore di inizio della traduzione eucariotica eIF5A, e nel lavoro di ricerca 4 " Hypusinated eIF5A in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma pathologies: a possible novel therapeutic target " abbiamo approfondito il suo ruolo nella regolazione cellulare e nel processo di fibrosi, confermando un aumento dell'espressione della forma ipusinata dal miometrio normale al leiomioma neoplastico benigno fino al leiomiosarcoma neoplastico maligno. Inoltre, i nostri dati dimostrano che, dopo la sua inibizione con N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoeptano (GC-7), vi è una ridotta proliferazione cellulare nelle linee cellulari di miometrio, leiomioma e leiomiosarcoma e una ridotta espressione della fibronectina nelle cellule di leiomioma e di leiomiosarcoma. L’espressione della fibronectina nel tessuto tumorale mediante immunoistochimica è risultata essere maggiore nella porzione (centrale) della lesione di leiomiosarcoma, la stessa zone dove risultava essere espressa anche l’eIF5A , confermando una correlazione tra le due molecole, dato che eIF5A ipusinato potrebbe essere coinvolto anche nella patogenesi del leiomiosarcoma attraverso la regolazione dell'espressione della fibronectina, candidandosi come nuovo bersaglio terapeutico per queste patologie uterine.
The uterine fibrotic process / Pellegrino, Pamela. - (2023 Jun 05).
The uterine fibrotic process
PELLEGRINO, PAMELA
2023-06-05
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are the most common benign, monoclonal, gynecological tumors in women’s uterus. They affect about 77% of women of reproductive age, while the malignant transformation of the myometrium brings to the leiomyosarcoma, a rare entity among malignant gynecologic tumors with a very unfavorable prognosis and the highest prevalence (60-70%) in the pre- and peri-menoapuse During these PhD years i participated in the deepening of the study of fibrotic pathologies of the uterine muscle tissue, through the analysis of the current literature, contributing to the drafting of some reviews, and of a chapter of a book titled “The ethiopathogenesis of uterine myomas”, in the book “Uterine fibroids: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy” concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms characterizing the onset of leiomyoma, and potential therapeutic approaches. The study of microscopic and macroscopic vascular aspects of uterine fibroids is important for understanding the clinical manifestations of uterine fibroids which often cause heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding and anaemia. For this reason, in the review “Uterine fibroid vascularization: from morphological evidence to clinical implications” we have deepened the anatomical, morphological and biomolecular aspects related to angiogenic mechanisms with diagnostic and clinical information, highlighting the various interconnections. The leiomyomas are considered typical fibrotic disorder, characterized by an upregulation of proteins constituting the extracellular matrix, as collagen1A1, fibronectin, and versican, and this is an indication of an alteration of the formation of the latter, which could be the result of an excessive wound healing, in turn driven by a dysregulated inflammation process. We have delved in the review “Macrophages and Immune Responses in Uterine Fibroids” into aspects of macrophage dysregulation, proliferation, accumulation and infiltration that could lead to an uncontrolled tissue repair and to the pathological consequent fibrosis. Also sex hormones play a specific role among the causes underlying the etiology of uterine fibroid. In particular, progesterone promotes its growth by interacting and regulating some ECM proteins and various growth factors, and and this has increased the interest over the years in compounds of natural origin with a progestin effects in the treatment of various female pathologies, including fibroma, as we have detailed in the review “Phytoprogestins: Unexplored Food Compounds with Potential Preventive and Therapeutic in Female Diseases”, where we identified some phytoprogestins that could be a promising tool for preventing and treating hormone-dependent diseases. An abnormal synthesis and deposition of collagen, a crucial component of ECM, can cause its excessive stiffness. In our research work “Uterine leiomyoma as useful model to unveil morphometric and macromolecular collagen state and impairment in fibrotic diseases: An ex-vivo human study” we investigated the tridimensional organization and secondary structure of collagen in uterine leiomyoma samples, through a multidisciplinary approach based on PhC-microCT and FTIRI (Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging analysis) ,coupled with optical and electron mycroscopies, that have provided us with important information regarding the different arrangement of collagen fibers between pathological and healthy tissus, also in relation with treatment with targeted molecules such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) omega-3 fatty acids, able to modulate collagen signaling. In the promotion of the uterine fibrotic process, activin A plays a key role, which is highly expressed in leiomyoma tissue compared with adjacent myometrial tissues, Since the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), acting as paracrine or autocrine cue, plays an important role in the development of fibrosis in a variety of cells, by acting in conjunction with other molecules, such as the inflammatory citokines that stimulate growth factors production, in the following research work “Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in uterine fibroids: implication in activin A profibrotic effect” we evaluated the S1P pathway expression in uterine fibroids and its possible cross-talk with activin A in modulating the fibrogenetic mechanism in uterine fibroids. This work highlights the expression of SK1 and SK2, the enzymes sphingosine kinase responsible for S1P formation, and S1P2, S1P3, and S1P5 receptors was significantly augmented in leiomyomas compared with adjacent myometrium, confirming a dysregulation of S1P signaling and metabolism in uterine fibroid. Furthermore, in leiomyoma cells, but not in myometrial cells, activin A increased mRNA expression levels of SK1, SK2, and S1P2, and its profibrotic action was abolished when SK1/2 were inhibited or S1P2/3 were blocked, while S1P augmented by itself mRNA levels of fibrotic markers (fibronectin, collagen 1A1) and activin A in leiomyomas but not in myometrial cells, confirming that the possible S1P cross-talk with the fibrotic effect of activin A could open new perspectives for uterine fibroid treatment. Since in the literature the model systems for studying uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma are mostly limited to primary cell culture in monolayers, xenografts and transgenic mouse model, that have several limitations, in the third research work “Establishment of 3D cultures of myometrium, leiomyoma, and leiomyosarcoma cells, and their application: two models compared”, we decided to deepen the study of these pathologies by developing two different three-dimensional models: agarose gel and Bioprinting INKREDIBLE+ (CELLINK). The leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cells embedded in two different matrices, as agarose and alginate, in their growth medium formed spheroids with succesfully proliferate and self-organized into complex structures developing a susteinable spheroids culture, that emulates the condition of leiomyoma through the accumulation of ECM , suggesting the potential use of this model for a better underestunding pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis through molecular and ultrastructural studies, and testing a new prevention methods and alternative preventive drug. In the process of inflammation and fibrosis that characterize the etiology of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma could play an important role hypusinated form of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A, and in the research work 4 “Hypusinated eIF5A in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma pathologies: a possible novel therapeutic target” we investigated its role in cellular regulation and in the fibrosis process, confirming an increase in the expression of the ipusinate form from normal myometrium to neoplastic benign leiomyoma up to neoplastic malignant leiomyosarcoma. Our data demonstrates, after its inhibition with N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC-7), a reduced cell proliferation in myometrium, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cell lines, and reduced the expression of fibronectin in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma cells. Since the immunohistochemical staining of leiomyosarcoma tissue revealed that fibronectin was highly expressed in the malignant aggressive (central) part of the leiomyosarcoma lesion, where hypusinated eIF5A was also highly represented, this confirmed a correlation between the two molecules, given that hypusinated eIF5A could, therefore, be involved also in the pathogenesis of the leiomyosarcoma through regulation of fibronectin expression, becoming a candidate as new therapeutic target for these uterine pathologies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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