Increasing life expectancy alongside drops in fertility rates has resulted in rising old-age dependency ratios and growing demand for long-term care (LTC) in Italy. The Italian care regime has a high degree of familism, with a preference for care to be provided in the home. To fill this demand for home-based care, people in need of care and their family members have hired paid home care workers, many of which are migrants. These workers are routinely undervalued, overworked, and paid insufficient wages. Moreover, the shift from family members providing the majority of home-based care, to a “migrant in the family” model, does not necessarily result in the informal caregiver giving up all of their care tasks and responsibilities. Instead, MCWs and informal caregivers often both provide care tasks alongside each other. However, at present, there is little quantitative analysis on how the hiring of paid home careworkers influences the health and well-being of informal caregivers and older adults with LTC needs. Against this background, this doctoral thesis aimed to investigate current trends (macro and micro) and future perspectives on the impact of home-based migrant care work on the care outcomes of informal caregivers, people in need of care, and migrant care workers in Italy. It is comprised of four research articles. Article one is a scoping review that aimed to analyse the scope, main topics, themes and gaps in the existing academic literature on how micro and macro level indicators impact the working and living conditions of live-in MCWs in Italy and Israel. Analysing data from a cross-sectional questionnaire with 366 older adults with LTC needs and their primary family caregivers living in the Marche region, article two aimed to determine the socio-economic predictors of hiring live-in MCWs to assist older adults with LTC needs, the objective care burden placed on MCWs, and the financial barriers that people in need of care and informal caregivers faced when hiring MCWs. Drawing from data from baseline and follow-up surveys with 198 older adults with LTC needs and their primary family caregivers in the Marche region of Italy, article three aimed to determine if the hiring of a paid care workers acted as a protective factor for the overall health status, quality of life, or emotional or psychological conditions for older adults with LTC need and their primary informal caregivers during the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. Analysing data from a multi-national survey with informal caregivers, article four aimed to analyse how the hiring of live-out and live-in paid home care workers influenced the intensity and types of care tasks provided by informal caregivers and their level of subjective well-being in Italy, Greece, and Israel. The combination of findings in this thesis point to the need for increased regulation of the Italian MCW market, to improve the working and living conditions of MCWs and the quality of care provided to older adults with LTC needs. Increased diversification in home care services and higher levels of financial and social support for older adults with LTC needs and their primary informal caregivers provides an avenue for giving people a choice in how their LTC needs are met, while reducing the burden on MCWs and informal caregivers. As an overarching theme, the Italian Government needs to place a higher value on both paid and unpaid care work.
L'aumento dell'aspettativa di vita e il calo dei tassi di fertilità hanno portato, in Italia, ad un aumento del tasso di dipendenza degli anziani e ad una crescente domanda di assistenza a lungo termine (LTC). Poiché il regime assistenziale italiano si caratterizza per l’elevato grado di familismo, già da anni, le persone bisognose di cure e i loro familiari hanno assunto assistenti domiciliari retribuiti, molti dei quali migranti (MCW), spesso sottovalutati, sovraccaricati di lavoro e sottopagati. Tale soluzione, tuttavia, non solleva il caregiver familiare da tutti i compiti e dalle responsabilità di assistenza, ma comporta un coinvolgimento attivo nelle attività svolto dai MCW. A riguardo, esistono pochi studi su come l'assunzione di assistenti domiciliari retribuiti influenzi la salute e il benessere dei caregiver informali e degli anziani con esigenze di LTC. Stante questo quadro, il presente lavoro si propone di indagare le tendenze attuali (macro e micro) e le prospettive future rispetto all'impatto che il lavoro di cura svolto dagli immigrati in Italia produce sui lavoratori stessi, e sugli esiti assistenziali dei caregiver informali e le persone bisognose di cure. La tesi è composta da quattro articoli di ricerca. Il primo è frutto di una scoping review volta ad individuare le tematiche e carenze della letteratura rispetto a come gli indicatori micro e macro influenzino le condizioni di lavoro e di vita dei MCW coabitanti, in Italia e in Israele. Partendo dall’analisi di alcuni dati emersi da una ricerca condotta nella Regione Marche tramite un questionario sottoposto a 366 anziani con esigenze di LTC e ai loro principali caregiver familiari, il secondo articolo tenta di determinare i predittori socio-economici dell'assunzione di MCW per la cura di anziani non autosufficienti, l'onere dell'assistenza posto sui MCW e le barriere finanziarie che gli assistiti e i caregiver informali affrontano quando assumono MCW. Attingendo ai dati provenienti dallo studio di follow-up dell’indagine di cui al precedente articolo, condotta su 198 anziani con necessità di LTC e sui loro caregiver familiari, il terzo articolo mira a comprendere se l'assunzione di un operatore abbia agito come fattore protettivo sullo stato di salute generale, sulla qualità della vita e sulle condizioni emotive o psicologiche degli assistiti e dei loro caregiver informali durante le fasi iniziali della pandemia Covid-19. Infine, analizzando i dati di un'indagine internazionale sui caregiver informali, il quarto articolo si propone di indagare in che modo l'assunzione di assistenti domiciliari retribuiti, sia live-out che live-in, influenzi l'intensità e le tipologie di compiti di assistenza forniti dai caregiver informali e il loro livello di benessere soggettivo in Italia, Grecia e Israele. L'insieme dei risultati di questa tesi da un lato indica la sottovalutazione dal punto di vista politico del lavoro di cura, sia retribuito che non retribuito; dall’altro fa emergere la necessità di una maggiore regolamentazione del mercato italiano dei MCW, per migliorare le condizioni di lavoro e di vita degli stessi lavoratori e la qualità dell'assistenza fornita agli assistiti. Una maggiore diversificazione dei servizi di assistenza domiciliare e livelli più elevati di sostegno finanziario e sociale per gli anziani con esigenze di LTC e per i loro caregiver informali rappresentano una via per offrire alle persone la possibilità di scegliere come soddisfare le proprie esigenze di LTC, riducendo al contempo l'onere per i MCW e per i caregiver informali.
The opportunities and challenges of household-based migrant care work as a support to informal caregiving in Italy / Fisher, OLIVER HARRY. - (2022 Sep 07).
The opportunities and challenges of household-based migrant care work as a support to informal caregiving in Italy
FISHER, OLIVER HARRY
2022-09-07
Abstract
Increasing life expectancy alongside drops in fertility rates has resulted in rising old-age dependency ratios and growing demand for long-term care (LTC) in Italy. The Italian care regime has a high degree of familism, with a preference for care to be provided in the home. To fill this demand for home-based care, people in need of care and their family members have hired paid home care workers, many of which are migrants. These workers are routinely undervalued, overworked, and paid insufficient wages. Moreover, the shift from family members providing the majority of home-based care, to a “migrant in the family” model, does not necessarily result in the informal caregiver giving up all of their care tasks and responsibilities. Instead, MCWs and informal caregivers often both provide care tasks alongside each other. However, at present, there is little quantitative analysis on how the hiring of paid home careworkers influences the health and well-being of informal caregivers and older adults with LTC needs. Against this background, this doctoral thesis aimed to investigate current trends (macro and micro) and future perspectives on the impact of home-based migrant care work on the care outcomes of informal caregivers, people in need of care, and migrant care workers in Italy. It is comprised of four research articles. Article one is a scoping review that aimed to analyse the scope, main topics, themes and gaps in the existing academic literature on how micro and macro level indicators impact the working and living conditions of live-in MCWs in Italy and Israel. Analysing data from a cross-sectional questionnaire with 366 older adults with LTC needs and their primary family caregivers living in the Marche region, article two aimed to determine the socio-economic predictors of hiring live-in MCWs to assist older adults with LTC needs, the objective care burden placed on MCWs, and the financial barriers that people in need of care and informal caregivers faced when hiring MCWs. Drawing from data from baseline and follow-up surveys with 198 older adults with LTC needs and their primary family caregivers in the Marche region of Italy, article three aimed to determine if the hiring of a paid care workers acted as a protective factor for the overall health status, quality of life, or emotional or psychological conditions for older adults with LTC need and their primary informal caregivers during the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. Analysing data from a multi-national survey with informal caregivers, article four aimed to analyse how the hiring of live-out and live-in paid home care workers influenced the intensity and types of care tasks provided by informal caregivers and their level of subjective well-being in Italy, Greece, and Israel. The combination of findings in this thesis point to the need for increased regulation of the Italian MCW market, to improve the working and living conditions of MCWs and the quality of care provided to older adults with LTC needs. Increased diversification in home care services and higher levels of financial and social support for older adults with LTC needs and their primary informal caregivers provides an avenue for giving people a choice in how their LTC needs are met, while reducing the burden on MCWs and informal caregivers. As an overarching theme, the Italian Government needs to place a higher value on both paid and unpaid care work.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.