The birth of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC), is very recent and their first use dates back to the end of the 90s. This material was created to overcome the problems associated with the use of ordinary concretes, especially in terms of poor ductility and poor durability. The acronym UHPC defines a new class of concrete that can be described as a fiber-reinforced cement-based material which has not only an increased mechanical response to compression (with strengths systematically higher than 150 MPa) but also a good tensile strength (of the order of 15 MPa) and above all a remarkable ductility. These characteristics derive from particular precautions adopted in the design phase of the cement mixture such as: • reduced water/cement ratio thanks to the use of water-reducing superplasticizers; • use of mineral additions, alone or in combination, with high pozzolanic activity and/or high specific surface area such as silica fume or blast furnace slag; • use of aggregates of selected dimensions capable of ensuring high adhesion at the interface between the stone element and the cement matrix. While the endurance of a UHPC is impressive compared to a traditional one, it is its durability that further exceeds expectations. The material, due to its improved composition, has a microstructure free of imperfections and impurities, capable of allowing a durability never seen before on ordinary cementitious materials, capable of drastically reducing the maintenance costs of the structures and mitigating the environmental impacts of the normal life cycle of an ordinary concrete product (from concrete production, to maintenance, to decommissioning). UHPC is a material that has an expected life span of 100 years with exceptional strength, durability, flexibility and longevity. The major applications of this material were initially intended for infrastructural engineering works particularly stressed by static and dynamic loads in service or by aggressive actions by a particularly hostile environment. However, there is a trend to use UHPC concrete also in less stressed architectural or civil engineering works to exploit the mechanical characteristics through a different design to produce more durable concretes as a result of the low water/cement ratio, and finally, to exploit the production speed both in the casting phase for the high workability of the mixtures, and in the execution phase for a very rapid development of the mechanical strength. In the introduction, this study aims to define the state of the art regarding the technology that underlies the birth and development of the material, investigating its composition and the main characteristics of its components. The results of various experimental campaigns undertaken over the three years of research concerning the characterization of the mechanical and durability properties that distinguish UHPC concretes are reported below. The first study concerns the analysis of the results of mechanical characterization tests in compression, bending and traction performed on traditional UHPC mixes and others with reduced cement content, emphasizing the effectiveness of the steel fiber content on the performance of UHPC concretes. The second study concerned the investigation of the chemical-physical characteristics of the material. While the strength of UHPC is impressive compared to ordinary concrete, it is its durability that further exceeds expectations. In this regard, the durability of the composite was first evaluated in terms of shrinkage and then in terms of resistance under extreme conditions such as, for example, exposure to chloride ions or freeze-thaw cycles. Finally, laboratory analyzes were performed to investigate the characteristics related to the microstructure of the material. The third and last study instead focused on the mechanical analysis under static and cyclic conditions of UHPC specimens as a function of the percentage of fibrous reinforcement. Particular attention was paid to the post-cracking behavior of the analyzed specimens and to the progress of the damage state during the execution of mechanical tests.
La nascita dei calcestruzzi ad elevatissime prestazioni, noto in inglese come UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete), è molto recente ed il loro primo impiego è da datarsi alla fine degli anni ’90. Tale materiale nasce per ovviare alle problematiche connesse all’impiego dei calcestruzzi ordinari soprattutto in termini di scarsa duttilità e di pessima durabilità. Con l'acronimo UHPC si definisce una nuova classe di calcestruzzo descrivibile come un materiale a base cementizia fibro-rinforzato che presenta non solo un’accresciuta risposta meccanica a compressione (con resistenze sistematicamente superiori ai 150 MPa) ma anche una buona resistenza a trazione (dell’ordine dei 15 MPa) e soprattutto una notevole duttilità. Tali caratteristiche derivano da particolari accortezze adottate in fase di progettazione della miscela cementizia quali : ● ridotto rapporto acqua/cemento possibile grazie all’impiego di additivi superfluidificanti riduttori di acqua; ● impiego di aggiunte minerali, da sole o in combinazione tra loro, ad alta attività pozzolanica e/o elevata area superficiale specifica come fumo di silice o loppa d’altoforno; ● utilizzo di inerti di dimensioni selezionate capaci di assicurare un’elevata adesione all’interfaccia tra elemento lapideo e matrice cementizia. Sebbene la resistenza di un UHPC sia impressionante rispetto a un tradizionale, è la sua durabilità a superare ulteriormente le aspettative. Il materiale, causa la sua migliorata composizione, presenta una microstruttura priva di imperfezioni e impurità̀, in grado di consentire una durabilità̀ mai riscontrata prima sui materiali cementizi ordinari, in grado di ridurre drasticamente i costi di manutenzione delle strutture e mitigando gli impatti ambientali propri del normale ciclo vitale di un manufatto in calcestruzzo ordinario (dalla produzione del calcestruzzo, alla manutenzione, alla dismissione). L'UHPC è un materiale che ha una durata prevista di 100 anni con eccezionale resistenza, durata, flessibilità e longevità. Le maggiori applicazione di questo materiale sono state inizialmente destinate ad opere di ingegneria infrastrutturale particolarmente sollecitate da carichi statici e dinamici in servizio o da azioni aggressive da parte di un ambiente particolarmente ostile. Si sta, tuttavia, prospettando la tendenza ad impiegare il calcestruzzo UHPC anche in opere di architettura o di ingegneria civile meno sollecitate per sfruttare le caratteristiche meccaniche attraverso una diversa progettazione per produrre calcestruzzi più durevoli in conseguenza del basso rapporto acqua/cemento, ed infine, per sfruttare la rapidità produttiva sia in fase di getto per l'elevata lavorabilità degli impasti, sia in fase esecutiva per un velocissimo sviluppo della resistenza meccanica. Nella parte introduttiva il presente studio punta a definire lo stato dell’arte in merito alla tecnologia che sottende la nascita e lo sviluppo del materiale, indagando la sua composizione e le principali caratteristiche dei suoi componenti. Di seguito si riportano i risultati di diverse campagne sperimentali intraprese nell’arco dei tre anni di ricerca inerenti alla caratterizzazione delle proprietà meccaniche e di durabilità che contraddistinguono i calcestruzzi UHPC. Il primo studio riguarda l’analisi dei risultati di prove di caratterizzazione meccanica a compressione, flessione e trazione eseguite su miscele UHPC tradizionali e altre aventi contenuto ridotto di cemento, sottolineando l’efficacia del contenuto del rinforzo fibroso metallico sulle prestazioni dei calcestruzzi UHPC. Il secondo studio ha riguardato invece lo studio delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche del materiale. Sebbene la resistenza di un UHPC sia impressionante rispetto ad un calcestruzzo ordinario, è la sua durabilità a superare ulteriormente le aspettative. A tal riguardo la durabilità del composito è stata valutata dapprima in termini di ritiro ed in seguito in termini di resistenza in condizioni estreme quali ad esempio l’esposizione agli ioni cloruro o a cicli di gelo-disgelo. Infine sono state eseguite analisi in laboratorio per indagare le caratteristiche legate alla microstruttura del materiale. Il terzo ed ultimo studio invece è stato incentrato sull’analisi meccanica in regime statico e ciclico di provini UHPC in funzione della percentuale di rinforzo fibroso. Particolare attenzione è stata posta sul comportamento post-fessurativo dei provini analizzati e sull’avanzamento dello stato di danno durante l’esecuzione di test meccanici.
Ottimizzazione e durabilità di miscele UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete) / Generosi, Nicola. - (2023 Mar 23).
Ottimizzazione e durabilità di miscele UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete)
GENEROSI, NICOLA
2023-03-23
Abstract
The birth of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC), is very recent and their first use dates back to the end of the 90s. This material was created to overcome the problems associated with the use of ordinary concretes, especially in terms of poor ductility and poor durability. The acronym UHPC defines a new class of concrete that can be described as a fiber-reinforced cement-based material which has not only an increased mechanical response to compression (with strengths systematically higher than 150 MPa) but also a good tensile strength (of the order of 15 MPa) and above all a remarkable ductility. These characteristics derive from particular precautions adopted in the design phase of the cement mixture such as: • reduced water/cement ratio thanks to the use of water-reducing superplasticizers; • use of mineral additions, alone or in combination, with high pozzolanic activity and/or high specific surface area such as silica fume or blast furnace slag; • use of aggregates of selected dimensions capable of ensuring high adhesion at the interface between the stone element and the cement matrix. While the endurance of a UHPC is impressive compared to a traditional one, it is its durability that further exceeds expectations. The material, due to its improved composition, has a microstructure free of imperfections and impurities, capable of allowing a durability never seen before on ordinary cementitious materials, capable of drastically reducing the maintenance costs of the structures and mitigating the environmental impacts of the normal life cycle of an ordinary concrete product (from concrete production, to maintenance, to decommissioning). UHPC is a material that has an expected life span of 100 years with exceptional strength, durability, flexibility and longevity. The major applications of this material were initially intended for infrastructural engineering works particularly stressed by static and dynamic loads in service or by aggressive actions by a particularly hostile environment. However, there is a trend to use UHPC concrete also in less stressed architectural or civil engineering works to exploit the mechanical characteristics through a different design to produce more durable concretes as a result of the low water/cement ratio, and finally, to exploit the production speed both in the casting phase for the high workability of the mixtures, and in the execution phase for a very rapid development of the mechanical strength. In the introduction, this study aims to define the state of the art regarding the technology that underlies the birth and development of the material, investigating its composition and the main characteristics of its components. The results of various experimental campaigns undertaken over the three years of research concerning the characterization of the mechanical and durability properties that distinguish UHPC concretes are reported below. The first study concerns the analysis of the results of mechanical characterization tests in compression, bending and traction performed on traditional UHPC mixes and others with reduced cement content, emphasizing the effectiveness of the steel fiber content on the performance of UHPC concretes. The second study concerned the investigation of the chemical-physical characteristics of the material. While the strength of UHPC is impressive compared to ordinary concrete, it is its durability that further exceeds expectations. In this regard, the durability of the composite was first evaluated in terms of shrinkage and then in terms of resistance under extreme conditions such as, for example, exposure to chloride ions or freeze-thaw cycles. Finally, laboratory analyzes were performed to investigate the characteristics related to the microstructure of the material. The third and last study instead focused on the mechanical analysis under static and cyclic conditions of UHPC specimens as a function of the percentage of fibrous reinforcement. Particular attention was paid to the post-cracking behavior of the analyzed specimens and to the progress of the damage state during the execution of mechanical tests.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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