Equity crowdfunding (hereafter ECF) is a recent phenomenon that leads entrepreneurial finance to take advantage of innovative digital facilities allowing ventures to obtain alternative financing: nascent entrepreneurs can raise capital from a crowd of investors, who generally contribute with modest individual amounts, during a web-based campaign for a certain period. ECF represents an innovative form of seed financing for new ventures. Following a pecking order approach, entrepreneurs might opt for this alternative financing scheme in the case that internal funds, external debt or external equity might not be sufficient or available. ECF belongs to the Fintech environment and thus to the digital finance theoretical framework. It exploits availability of digital platforms able to support entrepreneurs in overcoming financial constraints, particularly relevant in the initial steps of ventures. Investors in ECF must take decisions in a highly risky environment, with high levels of uncertainty. Moreover, potential profits (if any) would be appreciable only in a longer term and are subject to both liquidity and market risks. Therefore, the evaluation of the risk-return profile of an investment project is based on a multitude of determinants and encompasses a wide spectrum of disciplines. All this explains why recent crowdfunding literature has followed rapid growth, and many authors have studied ECF from various perspectives and disciplines, following complementary points of view to understand what convinces the public to invest, determining the success, or failure of a fundraising campaign. The thesis focuses on the equity crowdfunding from the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and investors. The theoretical background is built upon a multidisciplinary integrative framework. The aim of this research project is to analyse the dynamics of funding campaigns of new ventures on ECF platforms and identify the determinants of success. Assuming that investors refine their decision-making through observational learning of various signals, the empirical settings hypothesize that an information cascade from different sources impacts on the outcome of the campaign by inducing herding. The thesis is structured as a collection of papers and is articulated in three studies. The first study consists of a systematic and bibliometric review of the literature on the determinants of the success or failure of an equity crowdfunding campaign, with particular leverage on the signaling technique as a tool to alleviate information asymmetries by entrepreneurs/management and is aimed at identifying the research gaps where to position the two subsequent studies. The second study follows the perspective of investors and is part of the literature of information cascade and herding. It observes investment decisions in the context of equity crowdfunding through a choice experiment with the aim to empirically verify the hierarchy of sources that affect the willingness to invest. In fact, it is assumed that retail investors perfect their decision-making framework through the observation of information cascades deriving from more informed/experienced parties. The third study examine the perspective of entrepreneurs. The aim is to identify the signals that affect the outcome of a funding campaign, among those conveyed via information cascades. Following the Theory of Planned Behavior, in fact, the objective of this third work is to move from investment intentions (study 2; analyzed experimentally) to the concrete behavior of investors (observed in real data).
L'equity crowdfunding (da qui ECF) è un fenomeno recente che porta la finanza imprenditoriale a sfruttare le innovative strutture digitali che consentono alle imprese di ottenere finanziamenti alternativi: gli imprenditori nascenti possono raccogliere capitali da una folla di investitori, che generalmente contribuiscono con modesti importi individuali, durante una campagna online per un certo periodo. L’ECF rappresenta una forma innovativa di finanziamento sia per le startup ai primi stadi di sviluppo che per le imprese. Seguendo un approccio di ordine gerarchico, gli imprenditori potrebbero optare per questo schema di finanziamento alternativo nel caso in cui i fondi interni, il debito da terzi o il capitale esterno potrebbero non essere sufficienti o disponibili. L’ECF appartiene all'ambiente Fintech e quindi al quadro teorico della finanza digitale. Sfrutta la disponibilità di piattaforme digitali in grado di supportare gli imprenditori nel superamento dei vincoli finanziari, particolarmente rilevanti nelle fasi iniziali delle iniziative. Gli investitori in ECF devono prendere decisioni in un ambiente altamente rischioso, con alti livelli di incertezza. Inoltre, i potenziali profitti (se presenti) sarebbero apprezzabili solo a lungo termine e sono soggetti sia a rischi di liquidità che di mercato. Pertanto, la valutazione del profilo di rischio-rendimento di un progetto di investimento si basa su una moltitudine di fattori e comprende un ampio spettro di discipline. Tutto questo spiega perché la recente letteratura sul crowdfunding abbia seguito una rapida crescita, e perché molti autori abbiano studiato l'ECF da varie prospettive e discipline, seguendo punti di vista complementari per capire cosa convince il pubblico a investire, determinando il successo o il fallimento di una campagna di raccolta fondi. La tesi si concentra sull'equity crowdfunding dal punto di vista sia degli imprenditori che degli investitori. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è quello di analizzare le dinamiche delle campagne di finanziamento su piattaforme di ECF e identificare le determinanti del successo. Supponendo che gli investitori perfezionino il loro processo decisionale attraverso l'apprendimento derivante dall’osservazione di vari segnali, le impostazioni empiriche ipotizzano che una cascata di informazioni provenienti da fonti diverse abbia un impatto sull'esito della campagna inducendo comportamenti imitativi. La tesi è strutturata come una raccolta di articoli ed è organizzata in tre studi. Il primo studio consiste in una revisione sistematica e bibliometrica della letteratura sulle determinanti del successo o del fallimento di una campagna di raccolta di equity crowdfunding, con particolare leva sulla tecnica del signalling come strumento per alleviare le asimmetrie informative da parte degli imprenditori/management, ed è volto ad individuare i gap di ricerca ove inserire i due studi successivi. Il secondo lavoro si pone nella prospettiva degli investitori ed osserva, grazie ad un esperimento di scelta, le decisioni d’investimento, verificando empiricamente la gerarchia delle fonti che condizionano maggiormente la disponibilità ad investire. Si assume infatti che gli investitori retail perfezionino il proprio quadro decisionale attraverso l’osservazione di cascate informative derivanti da soggetti più informati/esperti. Il terzo studio mira ad esaminare, ponendosi ora nella prospettiva degli imprenditori e delle imprese, i fattori derivanti dalle cascate informative in grado di influenzare l’esito di una campagna di finanziamento. Applicando la Theory of Planned Behavior, infatti, l’obiettivo di questo terzo lavoro è di passare dalle intenzioni di investimento, studiate sperimentalmente, al comportamento concreto degli investitori, osservando dati reali di campagne di raccolta effettivamente concluse.
Risk-taking behavior in financing new ventures through equity crowdfunding: an experimental and econometric analysis / Mazzocchini, Francesco James. - (2022 Jun 07).
Risk-taking behavior in financing new ventures through equity crowdfunding: an experimental and econometric analysis
Mazzocchini, Francesco James
2022-06-07
Abstract
Equity crowdfunding (hereafter ECF) is a recent phenomenon that leads entrepreneurial finance to take advantage of innovative digital facilities allowing ventures to obtain alternative financing: nascent entrepreneurs can raise capital from a crowd of investors, who generally contribute with modest individual amounts, during a web-based campaign for a certain period. ECF represents an innovative form of seed financing for new ventures. Following a pecking order approach, entrepreneurs might opt for this alternative financing scheme in the case that internal funds, external debt or external equity might not be sufficient or available. ECF belongs to the Fintech environment and thus to the digital finance theoretical framework. It exploits availability of digital platforms able to support entrepreneurs in overcoming financial constraints, particularly relevant in the initial steps of ventures. Investors in ECF must take decisions in a highly risky environment, with high levels of uncertainty. Moreover, potential profits (if any) would be appreciable only in a longer term and are subject to both liquidity and market risks. Therefore, the evaluation of the risk-return profile of an investment project is based on a multitude of determinants and encompasses a wide spectrum of disciplines. All this explains why recent crowdfunding literature has followed rapid growth, and many authors have studied ECF from various perspectives and disciplines, following complementary points of view to understand what convinces the public to invest, determining the success, or failure of a fundraising campaign. The thesis focuses on the equity crowdfunding from the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and investors. The theoretical background is built upon a multidisciplinary integrative framework. The aim of this research project is to analyse the dynamics of funding campaigns of new ventures on ECF platforms and identify the determinants of success. Assuming that investors refine their decision-making through observational learning of various signals, the empirical settings hypothesize that an information cascade from different sources impacts on the outcome of the campaign by inducing herding. The thesis is structured as a collection of papers and is articulated in three studies. The first study consists of a systematic and bibliometric review of the literature on the determinants of the success or failure of an equity crowdfunding campaign, with particular leverage on the signaling technique as a tool to alleviate information asymmetries by entrepreneurs/management and is aimed at identifying the research gaps where to position the two subsequent studies. The second study follows the perspective of investors and is part of the literature of information cascade and herding. It observes investment decisions in the context of equity crowdfunding through a choice experiment with the aim to empirically verify the hierarchy of sources that affect the willingness to invest. In fact, it is assumed that retail investors perfect their decision-making framework through the observation of information cascades deriving from more informed/experienced parties. The third study examine the perspective of entrepreneurs. The aim is to identify the signals that affect the outcome of a funding campaign, among those conveyed via information cascades. Following the Theory of Planned Behavior, in fact, the objective of this third work is to move from investment intentions (study 2; analyzed experimentally) to the concrete behavior of investors (observed in real data). File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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