This thesis was conceived in the framework of the AdSWiM project “Managed use of treated urban wastewater for the quality of the Adriatic Sea” with the aim of assessing the impact of five depuration plants (DPs) located in Italian and Croatian coastal water. The targets investigated belong mainly to two different classes of chemical compounds: trace elements (known as heavy metals but called potentially toxic elements or PTEs for greater scientific accuracy) and nutrients. The firsts are ubiquitous elements, which can be toxic even at low concentrations (mg kg-1 or µg kg-1) and are regulated by the European community in terms of maximum permissible concentration in abiotic matrices (water, soil, sediment) and biotic matrices (foodstuff). This class includes elements such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), etc. The second ones are the molecules based on carbon, nitrogen (nitrites, nitrates, ammonia), phosphorus (orthophosphates) and silicon (silicates). Nutrients are those chemical compounds that are fundamental for the growth of biomass, but whose high concentrations, especially in vulnerable environments, can lead to the occurrence of environmental dystrophy phenomena such as eutrophication, with an important impact on environmental quality. They are compounds present in particular in both agricultural and urban wastewater, and their discharge into the water bodies or the sea is also regulated by the EU community. Although the Adriatic Sea is a highly vulnerable basin to contamination phenomena, due to its low bathymetry and the large number of cities and industrial areas that surround it, few studies have been published in scientific journals that take into account the effect that could have the discharges of the treatment plants on the quality of coastal waters. On the other hand, good wastewater management through treatments aimed at reducing the most dangerous compounds present in wastewater can play a key role in maintaining excellent environmental quality. The main objectives of this thesis are therefore to increase knowledge on the possible environmental impact of depuration plants in the Adriatic Sea, by evaluating the concentrations of the various dangerous compounds according to the type of sample (coming directly from the depuration plant or taken from the sea near of the discharging pipelines), of the seasonality (several months of the bathing season during the years 2019 and 2020), of the geographical area (three different macro-areas on both the Italian and Croatian coasts), and finally of the depth (surface or bottom waters). In addition, a target organism was selected to evaluate the toxic effects of these elements. The European hake species (Merluccius merluccius) was identified as a biological target for the study of the total mercury concentration in the edible tissue, to assess the contamination status of one of the most commercialized species in the Adriatic Sea. Mercury was chosen among all the elements as it is the most toxic contaminant and can bioaccumulate inside the biological tissues and biomagnificate along with the trophic web. A multiparameter analysis was carried out on more than 70 sampled fish, taking into consideration sex, sexual maturity, sampling season, biometric parameters, and lipid content.
Questa tesi è stata concepita nell'ambito del progetto AdSWiM “Uso gestito delle acque reflue urbane trattate per la qualità del Mare Adriatico” con l'obiettivo di valutare l'impatto di cinque impianti di depurazione ubicati nelle acque costiere italiane e croate. I target studiati appartengono principalmente a due diverse classi di composti chimici: elementi in traccia (noti come metalli pesanti ma chiamati elementi potenzialmente tossici o PTE per una maggiore accuratezza scientifica) e nutrienti. I primi sono elementi ubiquitari, che possono essere tossici anche a basse concentrazioni (mg kg-1 o µg kg-1) e sono regolati dalla comunità europea in termini di concentrazione massima ammissibile in matrici abiotiche (acqua, suolo, sedimenti) e biotiche (alimenti). Questa classe comprende elementi come mercurio (Hg), cadmio (Cd), piombo (Pb), arsenico (As), nichel (Ni), cromo (Cr), ecc. Le seconde sono le molecole a base di carbonio, azoto (nitriti, nitrati, ammoniaca), fosforo (ortofosfati) e silicio (silicati). I nutrienti sono quei composti chimici fondamentali per la crescita della biomassa, ma le cui elevate concentrazioni, soprattutto in ambienti vulnerabili, possono portare al verificarsi di fenomeni di distrofia ambientale come l'eutrofizzazione, con un importante impatto sulla qualità ambientale. Sono composti presenti in particolare nelle acque reflue sia agricole che urbane, e anche il loro scarico nei corpi idrici o in mare è regolamentato dalla Comunità Europea. Nonostante il mare Adriatico sia un bacino altamente vulnerabile ai fenomeni di contaminazione, a causa della sua bassa batimetria e del gran numero di città e aree industriali che lo circondano, pochi studi sono stati pubblicati su riviste scientifiche che tengano conto dell'effetto che potrebbero avere gli scarichi degli impianti di depurazione sulla qualità delle acque costiere. D'altra parte, una buona gestione delle acque reflue attraverso trattamenti volti alla riduzione dei composti più pericolosi presenti nelle acque reflue può svolgere un ruolo fondamentale nel mantenimento di un'eccellente qualità ambientale. Gli obiettivi principali di questa tesi sono quindi aumentare le conoscenze sul possibile impatto ambientale degli impianti di depurazione del mare Adriatico, valutando le concentrazioni dei vari composti pericolosi in base al tipo di campione (proveniente direttamente dall'impianto di depurazione o prelevato dal mare in prossimità delle condotte di scarico), della stagionalità (alcuni mesi della stagione balneare negli anni 2019 e 2020), dell'area geografica (tre diverse macroaree sia sulla costa italiana che su quella croata), ed infine della profondità (acque superficiali o di fondo). Inoltre, è stato selezionato un organismo bersaglio per valutare gli effetti tossici di questi elementi. La specie di nasello europeo (Merluccius merluccius) è stata identificata come bersaglio biologico per lo studio della concentrazione totale di mercurio nel tessuto edibile, per valutare lo stato di contaminazione di una delle specie più commercializzate nell'Adriatico. Il mercurio è stato scelto tra tutti gli elementi in quanto è il contaminante più tossico e può bioaccumularsi all'interno dei tessuti biologici e biomagnificare lungo la rete trofica. È stata condotta un'analisi multiparametrica su più di 70 pesci campionati, prendendo in considerazione il sesso, la maturità sessuale, la stagione di campionamento, i parametri biometrici e il contenuto lipidico.
Evaluation of the quality status of the adriatic sea through a managed use of treated urban wastewater / Girolametti, Federico. - (2022 Jun 08).
Evaluation of the quality status of the adriatic sea through a managed use of treated urban wastewater
GIROLAMETTI, FEDERICO
2022-06-08
Abstract
This thesis was conceived in the framework of the AdSWiM project “Managed use of treated urban wastewater for the quality of the Adriatic Sea” with the aim of assessing the impact of five depuration plants (DPs) located in Italian and Croatian coastal water. The targets investigated belong mainly to two different classes of chemical compounds: trace elements (known as heavy metals but called potentially toxic elements or PTEs for greater scientific accuracy) and nutrients. The firsts are ubiquitous elements, which can be toxic even at low concentrations (mg kg-1 or µg kg-1) and are regulated by the European community in terms of maximum permissible concentration in abiotic matrices (water, soil, sediment) and biotic matrices (foodstuff). This class includes elements such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), etc. The second ones are the molecules based on carbon, nitrogen (nitrites, nitrates, ammonia), phosphorus (orthophosphates) and silicon (silicates). Nutrients are those chemical compounds that are fundamental for the growth of biomass, but whose high concentrations, especially in vulnerable environments, can lead to the occurrence of environmental dystrophy phenomena such as eutrophication, with an important impact on environmental quality. They are compounds present in particular in both agricultural and urban wastewater, and their discharge into the water bodies or the sea is also regulated by the EU community. Although the Adriatic Sea is a highly vulnerable basin to contamination phenomena, due to its low bathymetry and the large number of cities and industrial areas that surround it, few studies have been published in scientific journals that take into account the effect that could have the discharges of the treatment plants on the quality of coastal waters. On the other hand, good wastewater management through treatments aimed at reducing the most dangerous compounds present in wastewater can play a key role in maintaining excellent environmental quality. The main objectives of this thesis are therefore to increase knowledge on the possible environmental impact of depuration plants in the Adriatic Sea, by evaluating the concentrations of the various dangerous compounds according to the type of sample (coming directly from the depuration plant or taken from the sea near of the discharging pipelines), of the seasonality (several months of the bathing season during the years 2019 and 2020), of the geographical area (three different macro-areas on both the Italian and Croatian coasts), and finally of the depth (surface or bottom waters). In addition, a target organism was selected to evaluate the toxic effects of these elements. The European hake species (Merluccius merluccius) was identified as a biological target for the study of the total mercury concentration in the edible tissue, to assess the contamination status of one of the most commercialized species in the Adriatic Sea. Mercury was chosen among all the elements as it is the most toxic contaminant and can bioaccumulate inside the biological tissues and biomagnificate along with the trophic web. A multiparameter analysis was carried out on more than 70 sampled fish, taking into consideration sex, sexual maturity, sampling season, biometric parameters, and lipid content.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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