Epigenetic modifications play a key role in regulating gene expression in all organisms. In metazoans among various epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation influences embryonic development and gene expression in both vertebrates and invertebrates. As a consequence, differentiated cells develop a stable and unique DNA methylation pattern that regulates tissue-specific gene transcription: a critical mechanism for development. DNA methylation, however, remains poorly investigated in mollusks. Therefore, we decided to investigate the mechanisms underlying this process in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis and belonging to the phylum Mollusca. To shed light on this process, we first screened its genome detecting two major groups of DNMT enzymes, three MBD members, and one TET protein, which were subject to phylogenetic studies and protein domain characterization. We then investigated the expression of these genes both during development and in different adult tissues together with the dynamics of global DNA methylation levels during embryogenesis. In addition, the role of DNA methylation during its embryogenesis was further assessed by the use of specific inhibitors for DNMT1 and TET. Interestingly, we found similar to other vertebrates and invertebrates that embryos treated with these inhibitors display delayed or arrested development: a likely consequence of altered DNA methylation. As DNA methylation functions also promote phenotypic plasticity, we started to investigate if exposure to specific emerging contaminants (ECs) can influence DNA methylation patterns in Mytilus galloprovincialis embryos by taking advantage of an innovative technique, the Methyl-RAD sequencing. In conclusion, our findings provide the first insight into DNA methylation responsible for the proper development of Mytilus galloprovincialis giving fundamental information to better understand the complex role played by this mechanism in regulating genome activity in bivalves.
Le modificazioni epigenetiche del DNA giocano un ruolo rilevante nella regolazione dell’espressione genica nella maggior parte degli organismi. Nei Metazoa, sia nei vertebrati che negli invertrebrati, tra i vari meccanismi epigenetici, la metilazione del DNA è essenziale durante il lo sviluppo embrionale e nel controllo dell’espressione genica. Di conseguenza, le cellule differenziate stabiliscono un pattern stabile e univoco di metilazione del DNA che regola l’espressione genica tessuto-specifica. Tuttavia, la metilazione del DNA è un meccanismo poco studiato nei molluschi. L’organismo selezionato nel presente lavoro di dottorato appartiene al phylum Mollusca, ed è Mytilus galloprovincialis. Per studiare questo processo, abbiamo esaminato il genoma di Mytilus e rilevato tre gruppi principali di proteine DNMT, tre membri di MBD e una proteina TET, che sono stati sottoposti ad analisi di filogenesi e caratterizzazione dei domini proteici. Abbiamo poi studiato l’espressione di questi geni sia durante lo sviluppo embrionale che in tessuti adulti, e analizzato la dinamica dei livelli di metilazione globale del DNA durante l’embriogenesi. In aggiunta, il ruolo della metilazione del DNA durante l’embriogenesi, è stato caratterizzato mediante l’utilizzo di inibitori specifici per le proteine DNMT1 e TET. Inoltre, poiché la metilazione agisce anche nel modulare la plasticità fenotipica in risposta ai cambiamenti ambientali, abbiamo iniziato a studiare se l’esposizione a specifici contaminanti emergenti (EC) può influenzare il pattern di metilazione del DNA negli embrioni di M. galloprovincialis attraverso una tecnica innovativa: il sequenziamento Methyl-RAD. In conclusione, i nostri risultati forniscono un primo studio della metilazione del DNA responsabile del corretto sviluppo di Mytilus galloprovincialis fornendo informazioni fondamentali per una migliore comprensione del complesso ruolo svolto da questo meccanismo nelle attività regolative del genoma nei bivalvi.
DNA Methylation Machinery in Mytilus galloprovincialis and its Crucial Role during Embryogenesis / LA VECCHIA, Claudia. - (2022 Jun 08).
DNA Methylation Machinery in Mytilus galloprovincialis and its Crucial Role during Embryogenesis
LA VECCHIA, CLAUDIA
2022-06-08
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in regulating gene expression in all organisms. In metazoans among various epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation influences embryonic development and gene expression in both vertebrates and invertebrates. As a consequence, differentiated cells develop a stable and unique DNA methylation pattern that regulates tissue-specific gene transcription: a critical mechanism for development. DNA methylation, however, remains poorly investigated in mollusks. Therefore, we decided to investigate the mechanisms underlying this process in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis and belonging to the phylum Mollusca. To shed light on this process, we first screened its genome detecting two major groups of DNMT enzymes, three MBD members, and one TET protein, which were subject to phylogenetic studies and protein domain characterization. We then investigated the expression of these genes both during development and in different adult tissues together with the dynamics of global DNA methylation levels during embryogenesis. In addition, the role of DNA methylation during its embryogenesis was further assessed by the use of specific inhibitors for DNMT1 and TET. Interestingly, we found similar to other vertebrates and invertebrates that embryos treated with these inhibitors display delayed or arrested development: a likely consequence of altered DNA methylation. As DNA methylation functions also promote phenotypic plasticity, we started to investigate if exposure to specific emerging contaminants (ECs) can influence DNA methylation patterns in Mytilus galloprovincialis embryos by taking advantage of an innovative technique, the Methyl-RAD sequencing. In conclusion, our findings provide the first insight into DNA methylation responsible for the proper development of Mytilus galloprovincialis giving fundamental information to better understand the complex role played by this mechanism in regulating genome activity in bivalves.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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