About 10% of patients with ischemic stroke develop a large area of malignant infarction with intracranial hypertension that may benefit from decompressive craniectomy as a life-saving treatment. Once the cerebral edema secondary to the ischemic area has been resolved, cranial reconstruction is necessary not only for protective and cosmetic purposes, but also to restore normal CSF circulation and normal blood flow in the craniectomized cerebral area exposed to the atmospheric. However, there are few studies in the literature that have analyzed the clinical outcome and complications of cranioplasty after surgical decompression in patients with malignant cerebral infarction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome and complications in a series of 34 patients undergoing cranioplasty after malignant cerebral infarction treated with decompressive craniectomy. From 2015 to 2020, 55 patients underwent decompressive craniectomy for cerebral malignant infarction at the department of Neurosurgery of Modena. 20 (36.3%) died before undergoing cranial reconstruction. The remaining 35 patients underwent cranioplasty and were included retrospectively in the present study. The average age was 68 years with 23 males and 12 females. Among these, 10 patients had been treated with endovascular thrombectomy (28.57%), 9 with combined treatment of thrombectomy and fibrinolysis (25.71%) and 3 with fibrinolysis (8.57%). The remaining 13 patients (37.14%) had not received any treatment for ischemic stroke. Cranioplasty was performed within 6 months after decompressive cranicectomy in all patients. Thirty patients (85.71%) underwent cranial reconstruction using autologous bone preserved and treated at a bone bank. The remaining three patients underwent cranioplasty with custom-made prostheses produced on a pre-operative CT scan, 2 with PMMA and 1 with hydroxyapatite, respectively. Complications in patients undergoing autologous cranioplasty were 8 (22.85%): one case of autologous bone resorption requiring surgical revision (2.85%), 4 cases of infection which required surgery with another prosthesis and 2 cases of mobilization of the autologous prosthesis due to trauma. Only one patient developed hydrocephalus after cranioplasty (2.85%) requiring placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. In the remaining patients, only one revision of a surgical wound for superficial infection was observed in a patient with custom-made prostheses in PMMA. The overall infection rate was 14.28% while the overall complication rate was 25.71% (9 out of 35 patients). At the 6-month follow-up, 45.71% of patients (16/35) had a good clinical outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 to 3. The remaining 19 patients (54.29%) developed severe disabilities (mRS 4 or 5). In patients undergoing cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy for malignant cerebral infarction, the overall complication rate (25.71%) was similar to TBI patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty. However, the type of complications is significantly different: in our series, the main complication was infection (14.28%) while the resorption of the autologous bone and hydrocephalus (the two main complications in patients with TBI requiring a cranioplasty) occurred in a reduced manner. The clinical outcome remains burdened by a high rate of disability as in patients decompressed for TBI.
Il dieci per cento circa dei pazienti con ictus ischemico sviluppa estese aree di infarto ischemico cerebrale con ipertensione endocranica ed ernie cerebrali che possono beneficiare della craniectomia decompressiva come trattamento salva vita. Una volta risolto l’edema cerebrale secondario all’area ischemica, si rende necessaria la ricostruzione cranica non solo a scopo protettivo e cosmetico, ma anche per ripristinare la normale circolazione liquorale ed il normale flusso ematico dell’area cerebrale craniectomizzata ed esposta alla pressione atmosferica. Tuttavia in letteratura vi sono pochi studi che hanno analizzato l'outcome clinico e le complicanze della cranioplastica dopo decompressione chirurgica nei pazienti affetti da infarto cerebrale maligno. Scopo della presente tesi è pertanto valutare l'outcome clinico e le complicanze in una serie di pazienti sottoposti a cranioplastica dopo infarto cerebrale maligno trattato con craniectomia decompressiva. Dal 2015 al 2020, 55 pazienti sono stati sottoposti a craniectomia decompressiva per ischemia cerebrale con ipertensione endocranica presso. Venti pazienti (36,3%) sono deceduti prima di essere sottoposti a ricostruzione cranica. I restanti 35 pazienti sono stati sottoposti a cranioplastica ed inclusi retrospettivamente nel presente studio. L’età media risultava essere di 68 anni con 25 maschi e 10 femmine. Tra questi, 10 erano stati trattati con trombectomia endovascolare (28,57%), 9 con trattamento combinato di trombectomia e fibrinolisi (25,71%) e 3 con fibrinolisi (8,57%). I restanti 13 pazienti (37,14%) non avevano ricevuto alcun trattamento per lo stroke ischemico. La cranioplastica stata effettuata entro i 6 mesi dalla cranicectomia decompressiva in tutti i pazienti. Trenta pazienti (85,71%) sono stati sottoposti a ricostruzione cranica mediante osso autologo conservato e trattato presso banca dell’osso. I restanti 5 pazienti sono stati sottoposti cranioplastica con protesi custom-made prodotta su una TC pre-operatoria rispettivamente 4 con materiale sintetico in PMMA ed 1 con idrossiapatite. Le complicanze nei pazienti sottoposti a cranioplastica autologa sono state 8 (22,85%): un caso di riassorbimento dell’opercolo autologo che ha necessitato di revisione chirurgica, 4 casi di infezione dell’opercolo craniotomico autologo revisionati con altra protesi e 2 casi di mobilizzazione della protesi autologa per trauma con necessità di un nuovo intervento. Un solo paziente ha sviluppato idrocefalo dopo la cranioplastica (2,85%) con necessità di posizionamento di una derivazione ventricolo-peritoneale. Nei restanti pazienti si osservata una sola revisione di ferita chirurgica per infezione superficiale in paziente con protesi custom-made in PMMA. Il tasso d’infezione complessivo è risultato essere del 14,28 % mentre il tasso complessivo di complicanze è stato del 25,71 % (9 pazienti su 35). Al follow-up a 6 mesi il 45,71 % dei pazienti (16/35) ha presentato un buon outcome clinico definito come un punteggio della modified Rankin Scale (mRS) da 0 a 3. I restanti 19 pazienti (54,29%) hanno presentato gravi disabilità (mRS 4 o 5). Nei pazienti sottoposti a cranioplastica dopo decompressione chirurgica per infarto cerebrale maligno, il tasso complessivo di complicanze (25,71%) è risultato elevato come nei pazienti sottoposti a ricostruzione cranica dopo craniectomia decompressiva per trauma cranico. Tuttavia la tipologia di complicanze risulta significativamente diversa: nella nostra serie la principale complicanza è risultata l’infezione (14,28%) mentre il riassorbimento dell’opercolo craniotomico autologo e l’idrocefalo (le due principali complicanze nei pazienti con trauma cranico che richiedono una cranioplastica) si sono verificati in maniera nettamente ridotta. L’outcome clinico rimane gravato da un elevato tasso di disabilità come nei pazienti decompressi per trauma cranico.
La cranioplastica dopo craniectomia decompressiva nell’ictus ischemico: valutazione dell’outcome clinico e delle complicanze / Nasi, Davide. - (2022 Mar 24).
La cranioplastica dopo craniectomia decompressiva nell’ictus ischemico: valutazione dell’outcome clinico e delle complicanze
NASI, DAVIDE
2022-03-24
Abstract
About 10% of patients with ischemic stroke develop a large area of malignant infarction with intracranial hypertension that may benefit from decompressive craniectomy as a life-saving treatment. Once the cerebral edema secondary to the ischemic area has been resolved, cranial reconstruction is necessary not only for protective and cosmetic purposes, but also to restore normal CSF circulation and normal blood flow in the craniectomized cerebral area exposed to the atmospheric. However, there are few studies in the literature that have analyzed the clinical outcome and complications of cranioplasty after surgical decompression in patients with malignant cerebral infarction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome and complications in a series of 34 patients undergoing cranioplasty after malignant cerebral infarction treated with decompressive craniectomy. From 2015 to 2020, 55 patients underwent decompressive craniectomy for cerebral malignant infarction at the department of Neurosurgery of Modena. 20 (36.3%) died before undergoing cranial reconstruction. The remaining 35 patients underwent cranioplasty and were included retrospectively in the present study. The average age was 68 years with 23 males and 12 females. Among these, 10 patients had been treated with endovascular thrombectomy (28.57%), 9 with combined treatment of thrombectomy and fibrinolysis (25.71%) and 3 with fibrinolysis (8.57%). The remaining 13 patients (37.14%) had not received any treatment for ischemic stroke. Cranioplasty was performed within 6 months after decompressive cranicectomy in all patients. Thirty patients (85.71%) underwent cranial reconstruction using autologous bone preserved and treated at a bone bank. The remaining three patients underwent cranioplasty with custom-made prostheses produced on a pre-operative CT scan, 2 with PMMA and 1 with hydroxyapatite, respectively. Complications in patients undergoing autologous cranioplasty were 8 (22.85%): one case of autologous bone resorption requiring surgical revision (2.85%), 4 cases of infection which required surgery with another prosthesis and 2 cases of mobilization of the autologous prosthesis due to trauma. Only one patient developed hydrocephalus after cranioplasty (2.85%) requiring placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. In the remaining patients, only one revision of a surgical wound for superficial infection was observed in a patient with custom-made prostheses in PMMA. The overall infection rate was 14.28% while the overall complication rate was 25.71% (9 out of 35 patients). At the 6-month follow-up, 45.71% of patients (16/35) had a good clinical outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 to 3. The remaining 19 patients (54.29%) developed severe disabilities (mRS 4 or 5). In patients undergoing cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy for malignant cerebral infarction, the overall complication rate (25.71%) was similar to TBI patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty. However, the type of complications is significantly different: in our series, the main complication was infection (14.28%) while the resorption of the autologous bone and hydrocephalus (the two main complications in patients with TBI requiring a cranioplasty) occurred in a reduced manner. The clinical outcome remains burdened by a high rate of disability as in patients decompressed for TBI.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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