Introduction: Over recent decades, the prevalence of gluten related disorders has increased in developed countries and this finding points to the role of one or more possible environmental triggers other than gluten. It has been recently hypothesized that the type of gluten contained in modern grains and its immunogenic properties significantly differ from the ancient varieties and this may have influenced the increased prevalence of gluten related disorders. Methods: A total of 5 genotypic varieties of wheat were selected for each of the 3 main historical stages pre-domestication, first domestication, second domestication. Three different replicas were selected for each variety (Potenza, Ancona, Germany), to verify the phenotypic differences attributable to different environmental factors. The protein fraction of interest (amylase-trypsin inhibitors, ATI) was extracted from the flours and several in vitro experiments were carried out to test the ATI impact on cytokines production by dendritic cells and THP-1 cell lines. Results: According to the genotypes, the results showed that ATI with lower biological activity belong to the family of Triticum turgidum ssp. Dicoccoides, in particular the TTD6 variety, while the greatest biological activity was found in ATI belonging to the family of Triticum aestivum ssp aestivum and ssp spelta and subsequently of Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (particularly fd8 variety), and of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum (particularly F7 and F4 varieties). According to the production area, the experiments showed that the wheat varieties cultivated in Potenza induced a greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared to the varieties cultivated in Germany and especially to those cultivated in Ancona. Discussion: The results of the study suggest that both wheat genotype and phenotype can influence the immune response. The identification of wheat varieties with absent or low toxicity may have important implications for patients in terms of greater palatability, compliance to treatment, nutritional quality, and quality of life. Further studies are needed to identify new possibilities for the production of cereals with reduced ATI content/biological activity and evaluate their effectiveness in clinical trials.
Introduzione: Negli ultimi decenni, la prevalenza dei disturbi correlati al glutine è aumentata e i dati suggeriscono la presenza di uno o più possibili fattori ambientali scatenanti diversi dal glutine. Recentemente è stato ipotizzato che il tipo di glutine contenuto nei grani moderni e le sue proprietà immunogeniche differiscano notevolmente dalle varietà più antiche e ciò potrebbe aver influenzato l'aumento della prevalenza di disturbi legati al glutine. Metodi: Sono state selezionate un totale di 5 varietà genotipiche di frumento impiegate in epoche storiche diverse (pre-domesticazione, prima domesticazione, seconda domesticazione). Per ogni varietà sono state selezionate tre diverse repliche (Potenza, Ancona, Germania) al fine di verificare le differenze fenotipiche attribuibili a fattori ambientali. La frazione proteica di interesse (inibitori dell'amilasi-tripsina, ATI) è stata estratta dalle farine e sono stati condotti diversi esperimenti in vitro per testare l'effetto degli ATI sul rilascio di citochine da parte delle cellule dendritiche e delle linee cellulari THP-1. Risultati: In base al genotipo, i risultati hanno mostrato che gli ATI con attività biologica minore appartengono alla famiglia del Triticum turgidum ssp. Dicoccoides, in particolare la varietà TTD6, mentre la maggiore attività biologica è stata riscontrata negli ATI appartenenti alla famiglia Triticum aestivum ssp aestivum e ssp spelta e successivamente Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (in particolare la varietà fd8), e Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum (in particolare le varietà F7 e F4). Per quanto riguarda la zona di produzione, le varietà di frumento coltivate a Potenza hanno indotto un maggior rilascio di citochine proinfiammatorie rispetto alle varietà coltivate in Germania e soprattutto a quelle coltivate ad Ancona. Discussione: Lo studio dimostra che sia il genotipo che il fenotipo del grano possono influenzare la relativa risposta immunitaria. L'identificazione di varietà di frumento con tossicità assente o ridotta può avere importanti implicazioni per i pazienti in termini di palatabilità, compliance al trattamento, qualità nutrizionale e qualità della vita. Ulteriori studi saranno necessari per l’identificazione di nuove opzioni per la produzione di cereali con un ridotto contenuto di ATI e valutarne l'efficacia nella pratica clinica.
Living with celiac disease beyond the diagnosis: food safety, adherence to diet, quality of life and the emerging role of wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors as potent triggers of innate intestinal immunity / Monachesi, Chiara. - (2022 Mar 24).
Living with celiac disease beyond the diagnosis: food safety, adherence to diet, quality of life and the emerging role of wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors as potent triggers of innate intestinal immunity
MONACHESI, Chiara
2022-03-24
Abstract
Introduction: Over recent decades, the prevalence of gluten related disorders has increased in developed countries and this finding points to the role of one or more possible environmental triggers other than gluten. It has been recently hypothesized that the type of gluten contained in modern grains and its immunogenic properties significantly differ from the ancient varieties and this may have influenced the increased prevalence of gluten related disorders. Methods: A total of 5 genotypic varieties of wheat were selected for each of the 3 main historical stages pre-domestication, first domestication, second domestication. Three different replicas were selected for each variety (Potenza, Ancona, Germany), to verify the phenotypic differences attributable to different environmental factors. The protein fraction of interest (amylase-trypsin inhibitors, ATI) was extracted from the flours and several in vitro experiments were carried out to test the ATI impact on cytokines production by dendritic cells and THP-1 cell lines. Results: According to the genotypes, the results showed that ATI with lower biological activity belong to the family of Triticum turgidum ssp. Dicoccoides, in particular the TTD6 variety, while the greatest biological activity was found in ATI belonging to the family of Triticum aestivum ssp aestivum and ssp spelta and subsequently of Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (particularly fd8 variety), and of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum (particularly F7 and F4 varieties). According to the production area, the experiments showed that the wheat varieties cultivated in Potenza induced a greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared to the varieties cultivated in Germany and especially to those cultivated in Ancona. Discussion: The results of the study suggest that both wheat genotype and phenotype can influence the immune response. The identification of wheat varieties with absent or low toxicity may have important implications for patients in terms of greater palatability, compliance to treatment, nutritional quality, and quality of life. Further studies are needed to identify new possibilities for the production of cereals with reduced ATI content/biological activity and evaluate their effectiveness in clinical trials.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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