With the medical improvement, the life expectancy has rocketed globally. Cancer as the main Noncommunicable disease (NCDs) is the major barrier to extend longevity, causing also a huge medical resource expense. Although innovative treatments as gene therapy, immunotherapy and classical treatments (i.e. chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical removal), there is no effective treatment to cure cancer, even because patients usually develop chemoresistance, radioresistance and some resist to gene therapy and immunotherapy as well. Skin is the largest organ first barrier of human body. The basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma are three common skin cancers Melanoma is a type of cancer that originally develops from melanocytes (pigment containing cells). Melanoma has dramatically increased during last 30 years with low five-year survival and prognosis rate. The current therapeutic approaches of melanoma not only could bring treatment assistance but also have serious side effects like vitiligo. Under the setting of melanoma study, the current thesis investigated the melanoma suppression on different platforms. Firstly, resveratrol, a common bioactive compound, was used to target the potential biomarkers of melanoma. Secondly, through previous studies and then in silico research, certain biomarkers were furtherly targeted. Then in vitro melanoma-cell-culture models were investigated. We demonstrated that the melanoma cells were inhibited by protein-protein interaction. Third, after LC-MS/MS, the protein database was used to analyze and annotate the functions of the potential biomarkers. Forth, the rare case of amelanotic malignant melanoma (AMM) was reported that enlarged the understanding and supplement the phonotypes of melanoma. Resveratrol (RSV) is a kind of phytoalexin that is widely distributed in Mediterranean diet, that as a bioactive natural product, could be a tumor suppressor. We evaluated the effects of RSV on melanoma cells (A375) and found that RSV could obviously inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells by modulating cell cycle and triggering apoptosis; Cyclin D1 and PCDH9 were strongly affected by RSV duration while RAC1 was not influenced. We furtherly explored the mechanism of these targeted genes of melanoma. In silico and reference studies exhibited the PCDH9 would be the novel biomarker of melanoma. Therefore, the alteration of PCDH9 expression (overexpression and interference) were performed to explore the effects of PCDH9 on melanoma. The common matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) is responsible for the extracellular matrix degradation. MMP2 -among the set of enzymes (MMPs)- has been demonstrated to play important roles in cell migration. The results of qRT-PCR exhibited that PCDH9 could suppress melanoma cells by affecting MMP2, CCND1 (Cyclin D1) and RAC1. The melanoma and healthy tissues were analogically analyzed to demonstrate the inhibition of melanoma cells by PCDH9. The methods of Co-IP and LC-MS/MS were used as well to deeply investigate the correlation between PCDH9 and its suppression effects of melanoma. We found that PCDH9 and RAC1 can predict the prognosis of malignant melanoma and hypothesized that PCDH9 can modulate melanoma progression through MMP2 and RAC1 by reducing RAC1-dependent ROS generation and enhancing NADPH oxidase activity complex. The rare AMM firstly diagnosed as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) was reported. According to the results of immunohistochemical examination (Ki67 (+++), Melan-A (+++), human melanoma black (HMB)45 (+), CD20 (-), cytokeratin (CK)7 (-) and CK5/6 (-) were found), the AMM was confirmed and the patient was applied surgical resection. This case showed the various phenotypes of melanoma.
Il cancro rappresenta una delle principali cause di morte nel mondo, ma causa anche un enorme dispendio di risorse mediche. Sebbene negli ultimi anni siano stati sviluppati trattamenti innovativi come terapia genica, immunoterapia e trattamenti classici (cioè chemioterapia, radioterapia e rimozione chirurgica), ad oggi non esiste un trattamento efficace per curare questa patologia, anche perché i pazienti sviluppano spesso chemioresistenza, radioresistenza e alcuni resistono anche alla terapia genica e all'immunoterapia. La pelle è l’organo più grande del corpo umano. Il carcinoma a cellule basali, il carcinoma a cellule squamose e il melanoma sono i tre tumori della pelle più comuni. Il melanoma si sviluppa originariamente dai melanociti (cellule contenenti pigmento) e la sua incidenza è aumentata notevolmente negli ultimi 30 anni con una bassa sopravvivenza a cinque anni e un basso tasso di prognosi. Gli attuali approcci terapeutici del melanoma non solo potrebbero essere inefficaci, ma anche avere gravi effetti collaterali come la vitiligine. Nell'ambito dello studio del melanoma, l'attuale tesi ha studiato la soppressione del melanoma su diverse piattaforme. In primo luogo, il resveratrolo è stato utilizzato per identificare i potenziali biomarcatori del melanoma. In secondo luogo, attraverso studi precedenti e poi mediante studi in silico, alcuni biomarcatori sono stati ulteriormente valutati. Quindi sono stati studiati modelli di colture cellulari di melanoma in vitro. Abbiamo dimostrato che le cellule del melanoma erano inibite dall'interazione proteina-proteina. In terzo luogo, dopo analisi LC-MS/MS, il database delle proteine è stato utilizzato per analizzare e annotare le funzioni dei potenziali biomarcatori. Quarto, è stato riportato un raro caso di melanoma maligno amelanotico (AMM) che amplia la comprensione e integra i fonotipi del melanoma. Il resveratrolo (RSV) è un tipo di fitoalessina ampiamente distribuita nella dieta mediterranea che potrebbe agire anche da soppressore del tumore. Abbiamo valutato gli effetti dell'RSV sulle cellule di melanoma (A375) e abbiamo scoperto che l'RSV potrebbe inibire la proliferazione delle cellule di melanoma modulando il ciclo cellulare e innescando l'apoptosi; in particolare, l’espressione della Cyclin D1 e PCDH9 sono stati fortemente influenzati dalla durata del trattamento dell'RSV, mentre l’espressione di Rac1 non è stata affatto alterata. Abbiamo ulteriormente esplorato il meccanismo di questi geni mirati del melanoma. Studi in silico hanno mostrato che il PCDH9 potrebbe rappresentare il nuovo biomarcatore del melanoma. Pertanto, l'alterazione dell'espressione di PCDH9 (sovraespressione e interferenza) è stata valutata per esplorare gli effetti di PCDH9 sul melanoma. La comune metalloproteinasi della matrice (MMP) è responsabile della degradazione della matrice extracellulare. È stato dimostrato che MMP2, tra l'insieme di enzimi MMP, gioca un ruolo importante nella migrazione cellulare. I risultati della qRT-PCR hanno mostrato che PCDH9 potrebbe sopprimere le cellule di melanoma influenzando MMP2, CCND1 (Cyclin D1) e RAC1. Il melanoma e i tessuti sani sono stati analizzati analogicamente per dimostrare l'inibizione delle cellule di melanoma da parte del PCDH9. I metodi di Co-IP e LC-MS/MS sono stati utilizzati anche per indagare in profondità la correlazione tra PCDH9 e i suoi effetti di soppressione del melanoma. Abbiamo scoperto che PCDH9 e RAC1 possono predire la prognosi del melanoma maligno e abbiamo ipotizzato che PCDH9 possa modulare la progressione del melanoma attraverso MMP2 e RAC1 riducendo la generazione di ROS dipendente da RAC1 e migliorando il complesso di attività dell'ossidasi NADPH. Abbiamo anche riportato il raro caso di AMM diagnosticato per la prima volta come carcinoma cutaneo a cellule squamose. Questo caso mostra i vari fenotipi del melanoma.
The study of malignant melanoma treatment on various platforms / Zhang, Jiaojiao. - (2021 Jul 27).
The study of malignant melanoma treatment on various platforms
ZHANG, JIAOJIAO
2021-07-27
Abstract
With the medical improvement, the life expectancy has rocketed globally. Cancer as the main Noncommunicable disease (NCDs) is the major barrier to extend longevity, causing also a huge medical resource expense. Although innovative treatments as gene therapy, immunotherapy and classical treatments (i.e. chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical removal), there is no effective treatment to cure cancer, even because patients usually develop chemoresistance, radioresistance and some resist to gene therapy and immunotherapy as well. Skin is the largest organ first barrier of human body. The basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma are three common skin cancers Melanoma is a type of cancer that originally develops from melanocytes (pigment containing cells). Melanoma has dramatically increased during last 30 years with low five-year survival and prognosis rate. The current therapeutic approaches of melanoma not only could bring treatment assistance but also have serious side effects like vitiligo. Under the setting of melanoma study, the current thesis investigated the melanoma suppression on different platforms. Firstly, resveratrol, a common bioactive compound, was used to target the potential biomarkers of melanoma. Secondly, through previous studies and then in silico research, certain biomarkers were furtherly targeted. Then in vitro melanoma-cell-culture models were investigated. We demonstrated that the melanoma cells were inhibited by protein-protein interaction. Third, after LC-MS/MS, the protein database was used to analyze and annotate the functions of the potential biomarkers. Forth, the rare case of amelanotic malignant melanoma (AMM) was reported that enlarged the understanding and supplement the phonotypes of melanoma. Resveratrol (RSV) is a kind of phytoalexin that is widely distributed in Mediterranean diet, that as a bioactive natural product, could be a tumor suppressor. We evaluated the effects of RSV on melanoma cells (A375) and found that RSV could obviously inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells by modulating cell cycle and triggering apoptosis; Cyclin D1 and PCDH9 were strongly affected by RSV duration while RAC1 was not influenced. We furtherly explored the mechanism of these targeted genes of melanoma. In silico and reference studies exhibited the PCDH9 would be the novel biomarker of melanoma. Therefore, the alteration of PCDH9 expression (overexpression and interference) were performed to explore the effects of PCDH9 on melanoma. The common matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) is responsible for the extracellular matrix degradation. MMP2 -among the set of enzymes (MMPs)- has been demonstrated to play important roles in cell migration. The results of qRT-PCR exhibited that PCDH9 could suppress melanoma cells by affecting MMP2, CCND1 (Cyclin D1) and RAC1. The melanoma and healthy tissues were analogically analyzed to demonstrate the inhibition of melanoma cells by PCDH9. The methods of Co-IP and LC-MS/MS were used as well to deeply investigate the correlation between PCDH9 and its suppression effects of melanoma. We found that PCDH9 and RAC1 can predict the prognosis of malignant melanoma and hypothesized that PCDH9 can modulate melanoma progression through MMP2 and RAC1 by reducing RAC1-dependent ROS generation and enhancing NADPH oxidase activity complex. The rare AMM firstly diagnosed as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) was reported. According to the results of immunohistochemical examination (Ki67 (+++), Melan-A (+++), human melanoma black (HMB)45 (+), CD20 (-), cytokeratin (CK)7 (-) and CK5/6 (-) were found), the AMM was confirmed and the patient was applied surgical resection. This case showed the various phenotypes of melanoma.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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