Faced with the choice of the legislator to divert the demand for justice from state jurisdiction to private regulation, both by also economically discouraging access to the former and providing the latter with elements of facilitation and speed, it is necessary to question the degree of effectiveness of the protection of the rights of the worker. in the new legal structure characterized by the lowering of the levels of labor protection and the compression of the spaces for judicial protection. If this is true, however, it cannot be denied that in this desire to return to a juridical order preceding the one originating from the acquisitive period of the second half of the twentieth century, the legislator is not free, but must always take into account the constitutional never interrupted with the multilevel system of fundamental rights. The Constitutional Charter, in fact, taking note of the contrast between capital and labor, instructs the Republic to correct the imbalance of powers and opportunities between the parties through redistributive mechanisms and the implementation of substantial equality. This is because the worker, through his activity, participates in collective life, associates himself with the community, becomes a citizen, as well as obviously receiving adequate means of support for the worker and his family. In this perspective, the intervention of the Constitutional Court appeared to be crucial in balancing legislative tendencies ablative of rights, so much so that, as already explained, it has - albeit partially - reopened areas of procedural protection with reference to access to justice, expanding the hypotheses of compensation of litigation costs, with indirect effects also on arbitration procedures, as well as defusing the mechanism of fixed and mathematical predetermination of compensation in the case of unlawful dismissal in the so-called contract with increasing protections. In this context, access to alternative forms of dispute resolution, albeit in the context of an overall asystematic and sometimes inconsistent discipline, could indeed constitute a further way to implement the effectiveness of workers' rights. It therefore seems reasonable to conclude that if the choice of the legislator is in the sense of enhancing alternative dispute resolutions, this implies that from a substantive point of view the rights of the worker must be restored in their effectiveness, also in consideration of the fact that the combined action the reduction of the levels of protection and the use of alternative solution tools produces, as mentioned, a real regulatory short-circuit, diametrically opposite to the one declared to be intended. On the other hand, a discipline on conciliation and arbitration inspired by the canons of systematic clarity and technical simplicity, as well as accompanied by provisions that even improve the guarantee of protection and effectiveness of the rights of the worker indeed appears to be the sine qua non for making these instruments up to the task entrusted. In this context, the fundamental principles outlined in social and labor matters by the Republican Constitution must continue to constitute the essential legal basis for the regulation of substantive rights and the related judicial or contractual protection, so that labor law can continue to be an effective bulwark. of solidarity defense of people from the otherwise disintegrating logic of the market.
Di fronte alla scelta del legislatore di dirottare la domanda di giustizia dalla giurisdizione statale alla regolazione privata, sia disincentivando anche economicamente l’accesso alla prima e fornendo alla seconda elementi di agevolazione e celerità, occorre interrogarsi sul grado di effettività della tutela dei diritti del lavoratore nel nuovo assetto giuridico caratterizzato dall’abbattimento dei livelli di protezione del lavoro e di compressione degli spazi di tutela giudiziale. Se ciò è vero, non può però negarsi che in questa volontà di tornare ad un assetto giuridico precedente a quello originato dalla stagione acquisitiva del secondo Novecento, il legislatore non è libero, ma deve tener conto pur sempre dei precetti costituzionali, peraltro in un dialogo mai interrotto con il sistema multilivello dei diritti fondamentali. La Carta costituzionale, infatti, prendendo atto della contrapposizione tra capitale e lavoro, incarica la Repubblica di correggere lo squilibrio di poteri e di opportunità tra le parti attraverso meccanismi redistributivi e di implementazione dell’uguaglianza sostanziale. Ciò perché il lavoratore, tramite la propria attività partecipa alla vita collettiva, si associa alla comunità, diventa cittadino, oltre evidentemente a ricevere gli adeguati mezzi di sostentamento al lavoratore e alla sua famiglia. In tale ottica l’intervento della Corte costituzionale è apparso cruciale nel bilanciare tendenze legislative ablative di diritti, tanto che, come già esposto, ha - seppur parzialmente - riaperto spazi di tutela processuale con riferimento all’accesso alla giustizia, ampliando le ipotesi di compensazione delle spese di lite, con effetti indiretti anche sulle procedure arbitrali, così come ha disinnescato il meccanismo di fissa e matematica predeterminazione dell’indennità risarcitoria nel caso di licenziamento illegittimo nel c.d. contratto a tutele crescenti. In questo contesto, l’accesso a forme alternative di risoluzione delle controversie, pur nell’ambito di una complessiva asistematicità e a tratti incoerenza della disciplina, potrebbe costituire invero una ulteriore via per l’implementazione dell’effettività dei diritti dei lavoratori. Sembra dunque ragionevole concludere che se la scelta del legislatore è nel senso di valorizzare le risoluzioni alternative delle controversie, ciò implica che dal punto di vista sostanziale i diritti del lavoratore devono essere ripristinati nella loro effettività, anche in considerazione del fatto che l’azione combinata della riduzione dei livelli di tutela e dell’utilizzo di strumenti di soluzione alternativa produce come detto un vero e proprio cortocircuito normativo, diametralmente opposto a quello dichiaratamente voluto . Per altro verso, una disciplina in materia di conciliazione e arbitrato ispirata ai canoni della chiarezza sistematica e della semplicità tecnica, nonché corredata da disposizioni finanche migliorative della garanzia di tutela ed effettività dei diritti del lavoratore appare invero la condicio sine qua non per rendere tali strumenti all’altezza del compito affidato. In questo contesto, i principi fondamentali delineati in materia sociale e del lavoro dalla Costituzione repubblicana dovranno continuare a costituire la base giuridica essenziale della regolazione dei diritti sostanziali e della relativa tutela giurisdizionale ovvero negoziale, affinché il diritto del lavoro possa continuare ad essere un effettivo baluardo di difesa solidaristica delle persone dalle logiche altrimenti disgreganti del mercato.
La tutela del lavoratore nelle risoluzioni alternative delle controversie tra effettività, inderogabilità e autonomia / Giuliani, Alessandro. - (2021 Jul 23).
La tutela del lavoratore nelle risoluzioni alternative delle controversie tra effettività, inderogabilità e autonomia
GIULIANI, ALESSANDRO
2021-07-23
Abstract
Faced with the choice of the legislator to divert the demand for justice from state jurisdiction to private regulation, both by also economically discouraging access to the former and providing the latter with elements of facilitation and speed, it is necessary to question the degree of effectiveness of the protection of the rights of the worker. in the new legal structure characterized by the lowering of the levels of labor protection and the compression of the spaces for judicial protection. If this is true, however, it cannot be denied that in this desire to return to a juridical order preceding the one originating from the acquisitive period of the second half of the twentieth century, the legislator is not free, but must always take into account the constitutional never interrupted with the multilevel system of fundamental rights. The Constitutional Charter, in fact, taking note of the contrast between capital and labor, instructs the Republic to correct the imbalance of powers and opportunities between the parties through redistributive mechanisms and the implementation of substantial equality. This is because the worker, through his activity, participates in collective life, associates himself with the community, becomes a citizen, as well as obviously receiving adequate means of support for the worker and his family. In this perspective, the intervention of the Constitutional Court appeared to be crucial in balancing legislative tendencies ablative of rights, so much so that, as already explained, it has - albeit partially - reopened areas of procedural protection with reference to access to justice, expanding the hypotheses of compensation of litigation costs, with indirect effects also on arbitration procedures, as well as defusing the mechanism of fixed and mathematical predetermination of compensation in the case of unlawful dismissal in the so-called contract with increasing protections. In this context, access to alternative forms of dispute resolution, albeit in the context of an overall asystematic and sometimes inconsistent discipline, could indeed constitute a further way to implement the effectiveness of workers' rights. It therefore seems reasonable to conclude that if the choice of the legislator is in the sense of enhancing alternative dispute resolutions, this implies that from a substantive point of view the rights of the worker must be restored in their effectiveness, also in consideration of the fact that the combined action the reduction of the levels of protection and the use of alternative solution tools produces, as mentioned, a real regulatory short-circuit, diametrically opposite to the one declared to be intended. On the other hand, a discipline on conciliation and arbitration inspired by the canons of systematic clarity and technical simplicity, as well as accompanied by provisions that even improve the guarantee of protection and effectiveness of the rights of the worker indeed appears to be the sine qua non for making these instruments up to the task entrusted. In this context, the fundamental principles outlined in social and labor matters by the Republican Constitution must continue to constitute the essential legal basis for the regulation of substantive rights and the related judicial or contractual protection, so that labor law can continue to be an effective bulwark. of solidarity defense of people from the otherwise disintegrating logic of the market.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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