The thesis work examines the recent phenomenon of work done by means of a digital platform, with a closer look at the well-known events concerning riders in the food delivery sector, in order to debate whether this leads to a new conclusion in the old discussion of the delimitation of the dependent employment case. As mentioned in the introduction, on demand forms of employment, contextualized within the greater phenomenon of the so-called gig economy, of which an in-depth analysis is provided, are now spread on a global scale and pose questions linked to every economic and social legal sector (employment law, tax and trade law, private law, etc.). The subject, which in the thesis work is limited to issues relating to employment relationships, poses the legal form of the same relationship as a more urgent question: paradoxically, the legislation, up to the last intervention of the law of November 2nd 2019, No. 128, the jurisprudence, with the latest ruling of the Court of Appeal of January 24th 2020, No. 1663, and finally the legal interpretation, variously addressed – but in truth not resolved – the legal form of the case, mainly providing a “remedial” approach to the problem, i.e. aimed at acknowledging and guaranteeing protection, of course urgent, for on demand workers. Conversely, the research study conducted thus far highlighted, since the precursory parts, the need to contextualize the employment relationships carried out by means of a digital platform in compliance with the principle of legal certainty and, in particular, proposed a new theory aimed at recognizing the status of subordination of the food delivery sector workers, criticizing the opposite theory based on the fact that the hetero-direction of platforms towards the riders could not be ascertained since they are free to choose if and when to work. In the first place, the study was carried out by rebuilding the idea of subordination, starting from its first assumptions. The reconstruction was naturally conducted in accordance with the interpretations formerly recoverable in the tenet and accounting for the main orientations developed by jurisprudence. In the first chapter it is observed how, indeed, the elements traditionally attributed to the subordination of the employment relationship converge to the so-called hetero-direction. By contrast, the hetero-organization element almost never found appreciation in the legal interpretation and jurisprudence as an identification feature of the dependent employment case, and it was interpreted as the placement of the worker within the entrepreneur’s organization. However, in the second chapter, the study tried to prove that hetero-organization is as important an element as hetero-direction in order to determine the subordinate nature of an employment relationship. The theory was debated starting first and foremost from the regulatory data, i.e. through the interpretation of the “dependence” element, mentioned in section 2094 of the Italian Civil Code, as well as by recovering a historic ruling of the Constitutional Court (No. 30 of 1996) which narrowly defined subordination as the existence of a double alienation of the result and organization, precisely. Once clarified the concept of subordination that we intend to support, the thesis work, in the third chapter, attempts to verify if, in light of the idea of subordination as a hetero-organization of work by the employer, on demand employment relationships in the food delivery sector can be classified as subordinate. The attempt required a specific analysis of the factors that characterize the employment relationship of the so-called riders: in this part, in fact, data relating to the spread of the phenomenon, the economic and social impact on our system, as well as the main consequent legal issues were reconstructed. Specifically, precious was the analysis of the rulings that, in different legal systems of other countries, learned about the employment relationship in question in order to detect the main elements that jurisprudence made use of in respect to the definition of the case present in each system. As for Italy, the traditional principle of prevalence of the implementation of the executive phase over paper will was also taken into consideration for qualifying purposes. From here we came to ascertain the existence of a double alienation in the employment relationship between couriers and digital platforms, also accounting for the rulings of the European Court of Justice over the entrepreneurial nature of the latter, by carrying out an in-depth analysis of the concrete organization of work and its transformations underway. Once intertwined these data, it was argued that the employment relationships of cycle-couriers carried out by means of digital platforms can be considered subordinate employment relationships, given the existence of the result alienation as well as the organization alienation . Furthermore, an attempt was made to object to the main if not the only subject that would preclude recognition of the subordinate nature of the riders’s employment relationship; namely the fact that, being able to choose if and when to work, they would benefit from a decision-making autonomy incompatible with subordination. Then, the fourth chapter offers an in-depth analysis of the main union events that affected on demand jobs, for two essential reasons: first because the position of traditional and non-traditional unions was crucial, not only in Italy, in regulating employment relationships in the food delivery sector, and then because the transformations of the methods of implementation of work services, represented by the massive use of technology, also affected the industrial relations, to such an extent that unprecedented questions were posed for the union law, referred to in the carrying out of the research study. Finally, in the last chapter, the most recent law No. 128/2019 was taken into consideration, which regulates the employment relationship carried out also by means of a digital platform, both through the extension of the regulation of subordinate work to hetero-organized collaborators, pursuant to section 2 of Legislative Decree No. 81/2015, as amended by section 1 of the same law, and through the application of a significant protection system to the riders who are self-employed. Hence, once again, a regulatory intervention that eludes the legal form profile of the case, posing significant issues of legal certainty and following the path of a merely remedial approach to the urgent question of the riders’ exploitation, perhaps extending the protections stemming from the status of subordination, yet, without explicitly recognizing it.
Il lavoro di tesi indaga il recente fenomeno del lavoro svolto tramite piattaforma digitale, con uno sguardo specifico alle note vicende dei riders nel settore del food delivery, per discutere se questo ci porti a conclusioni nuove nella discussione storica sulla delimitazione della fattispecie del lavoro subordinato. Come si accenna nell’introduzione, le forme di lavoro on demand, inquadrate nel più vasto fenomeno della c.d. gig economy, di cui pure si propone un approfondimento, sono, ormai, diffuse su scala globale e aprono questioni legate ad ogni settore giuridico (diritto del lavoro, diritto tributario e commerciale, diritto privato, ecc…) economico e sociale. Il tema, nel lavoro di tesi circoscritto alle problematiche relative ai rapporti di lavoro, pone come questione più urgente la qualificazione giuridica del rapporto stesso: paradossalmente, la legislazione, fino all’ultimo intervento della legge 2 novembre 2019, n. 128, la giurisprudenza, con la recentissima sentenza della Cassazione 24 gennaio 2020, n. 1663, e infine, la dottrina, hanno molto variamente affrontato – ma in realtà non risolto - il profilo qualificatorio della fattispecie, offrendo prevalentemente un approccio al problema di tipo “rimediale”, volto cioè a riconoscere e garantire tutele, certamente urgenti, ai lavoratori on demand. La ricerca qui condotta, invece, ha segnalato, fin dalle parti introduttive, la necessità di inquadrare i rapporti di lavoro svolti tramite piattaforma digitale, in ossequio al principio di certezza del diritto, e in particolare, ha proposto una tesi volta a riconoscere lo status di subordinazione dei lavoratori del settore del food delivery, criticando l’opposta tesi fondata sulla base del fatto che non potrebbe essere accertata l’etero-direzione delle piattaforme verso i riders, essendo questi liberi di scegliere se e quando lavorare. L’indagine si è svolta, innanzitutto, ricostruendo il concetto di subordinazione, a partire dalle sue prime teorizzazioni. La ricostruzione è stata, naturalmente, condotta sulla linea delle interpretazioni rinvenibili già in dottrina e tenendo conto dei principali orientamenti sviluppati dalla giurisprudenza. Nel primo capitolo si rileva come, in effetti, gli elementi tradizionalmente attributi alla subordinazione del rapporto di lavoro convergono verso la c.d. etero-direzione. Al contrario, l’elemento della etero-organizzazione non ha quasi mai trovato valorizzazione in dottrina e in giurisprudenza come elemento identificativo della fattispecie lavoro subordinato, ed è stato, per lo più, inteso come inserimento del lavoratore nell’organizzazione dell’imprenditore. Tuttavia, nel secondo capitolo, la ricerca ha provato a dimostrare che l’etero-organizzazione è un elemento tanto rilevante, quanto quello della etero-direzione al fine di definire la natura subordinata di un rapporto di lavoro. La tesi è stata argomentata partendo, innanzitutto, dal dato normativo, attraverso, cioè, una interpretazione dell’elemento della “dipendenza”, espresso nell’art. 2094 c.c., e attraverso il recupero di una storica sentenza della Corte Costituzionale (n. 30 del 1996) che definì la subordinazione in senso stretto, come sussistenza di una doppia alienità, del risultato e, appunto, dell’organizzazione. Chiarita la concezione della subordinazione che si intende sostenere, il lavoro di tesi, nel terzo capitolo, prova a verificare se, alla luce del concetto di subordinazione come etero-organizzazione del lavoro da parte datoriale, i rapporti di lavoro on demand nel settore del food delivery possano essere qualificati come subordinati. Il tentativo ha richiesto una analisi specifica dei fattori che caratterizzano il rapporto di lavoro dei c.d. riders: in questa parte, infatti, sono stati ricostruiti dati relativi alla diffusione del fenomeno, all’impatto economico e sociale nel nostro ordinamento, nonché alle principali problematiche giuridiche conseguenti. In particolare, preziosa è stata l’analisi delle sentenze che, nei diversi ordinamenti di altri Stati, hanno conosciuto del rapporto di lavoro in questione, al fine di rilevare i principali elementi di cui la giurisprudenza ha fatto uso rispetto alla definizione della fattispecie presente in ciascun ordinamento. Per quanto riguarda l’Italia, si è altresì tenuto presente il principio tradizionale della prevalenza, ai fini qualificatori, dello svolgimento della fase esecutiva sulla volontà cartolare. Da qui si è giunti ad accertare la sussistenza della doppia alienità nel rapporto di lavoro tra i fattorini e le piattaforme digitali, tenendo conto delle pronunce, anche della Corte di Giustizia europea, sulla natura imprenditoriale di quest’ultime, svolgendo un approfondimento sulla concreta organizzazione del lavoro e le sue trasformazioni in atto. Intrecciati questi dati, si è argomentato che i rapporti di lavoro dei ciclo-fattorini svolti tramite piattaforme digitali possono considerarsi rapporti di lavoro subordinati, sussistendo alienità del risultato e alienità dell’organizzazione. Si è provato, inoltre, ad obiettare al principale se non unico argomento che osterebbe al riconoscimento della natura subordinata del rapporto di lavoro dei riders, ovvero il fatto che, potendo quest’ultimi scegliere se e quando lavorare, godrebbero di una autonomia decisionale incompatibile con la subordinazione. Il quarto capitolo, poi, propone un approfondimento delle principali vicende sindacali che hanno interessato i lavori on demand, per due ragioni essenziali: innanzitutto poiché il ruolo dei sindacati, tradizionali e non, è stato determinante, non solo in Italia, per regolamentare i rapporti di lavoro nel settore del food delivery, e poi poiché le trasformazioni delle modalità di esecuzione delle prestazioni di lavoro, rappresentate dal massiccio utilizzo della tecnologia, hanno interessato anche le relazioni industriali, fino a porre delle questioni inedite per il diritto sindacale, a cui si è fatto riferimento nello svolgimento della ricerca. Nell’ultimo capitolo, infine, si è dato conto della recentissima legge n. 128/2019, che regolamenta il rapporto di lavoro svolto anche tramite piattaforma digitale, sia attraverso l’estensione della disciplina del lavoro subordinato, ex art. 2 del D.lgs. n. 81/2015, come modificato dall’art. 1 della stessa legge, ai collaboratori etero-organizzati, sia attraverso l’applicazione di un apparato significativo di tutele ai riders che siano lavoratori autonomi. Dunque, ancora una volta, un intervento normativo che elude il profilo qualificatorio della fattispecie, ponendo dei rilevanti problemi di certezza del diritto e muovendosi sul filo di un approccio meramente rimediale alla questione urgente dello sfruttamento dei riders, estendendo forse le tutele derivanti dallo status di subordinazione, senza, tuttavia, riconoscerlo esplicitamente.
La subordinazione tra etero-direzione e etero-organizzazione: un'antica discussione alla prova del lavoro svolto tramite piattaforma digitale / Pacella, Gemma. - (2020 Mar 05).
La subordinazione tra etero-direzione e etero-organizzazione: un'antica discussione alla prova del lavoro svolto tramite piattaforma digitale
PACELLA, GEMMA
2020-03-05
Abstract
The thesis work examines the recent phenomenon of work done by means of a digital platform, with a closer look at the well-known events concerning riders in the food delivery sector, in order to debate whether this leads to a new conclusion in the old discussion of the delimitation of the dependent employment case. As mentioned in the introduction, on demand forms of employment, contextualized within the greater phenomenon of the so-called gig economy, of which an in-depth analysis is provided, are now spread on a global scale and pose questions linked to every economic and social legal sector (employment law, tax and trade law, private law, etc.). The subject, which in the thesis work is limited to issues relating to employment relationships, poses the legal form of the same relationship as a more urgent question: paradoxically, the legislation, up to the last intervention of the law of November 2nd 2019, No. 128, the jurisprudence, with the latest ruling of the Court of Appeal of January 24th 2020, No. 1663, and finally the legal interpretation, variously addressed – but in truth not resolved – the legal form of the case, mainly providing a “remedial” approach to the problem, i.e. aimed at acknowledging and guaranteeing protection, of course urgent, for on demand workers. Conversely, the research study conducted thus far highlighted, since the precursory parts, the need to contextualize the employment relationships carried out by means of a digital platform in compliance with the principle of legal certainty and, in particular, proposed a new theory aimed at recognizing the status of subordination of the food delivery sector workers, criticizing the opposite theory based on the fact that the hetero-direction of platforms towards the riders could not be ascertained since they are free to choose if and when to work. In the first place, the study was carried out by rebuilding the idea of subordination, starting from its first assumptions. The reconstruction was naturally conducted in accordance with the interpretations formerly recoverable in the tenet and accounting for the main orientations developed by jurisprudence. In the first chapter it is observed how, indeed, the elements traditionally attributed to the subordination of the employment relationship converge to the so-called hetero-direction. By contrast, the hetero-organization element almost never found appreciation in the legal interpretation and jurisprudence as an identification feature of the dependent employment case, and it was interpreted as the placement of the worker within the entrepreneur’s organization. However, in the second chapter, the study tried to prove that hetero-organization is as important an element as hetero-direction in order to determine the subordinate nature of an employment relationship. The theory was debated starting first and foremost from the regulatory data, i.e. through the interpretation of the “dependence” element, mentioned in section 2094 of the Italian Civil Code, as well as by recovering a historic ruling of the Constitutional Court (No. 30 of 1996) which narrowly defined subordination as the existence of a double alienation of the result and organization, precisely. Once clarified the concept of subordination that we intend to support, the thesis work, in the third chapter, attempts to verify if, in light of the idea of subordination as a hetero-organization of work by the employer, on demand employment relationships in the food delivery sector can be classified as subordinate. The attempt required a specific analysis of the factors that characterize the employment relationship of the so-called riders: in this part, in fact, data relating to the spread of the phenomenon, the economic and social impact on our system, as well as the main consequent legal issues were reconstructed. Specifically, precious was the analysis of the rulings that, in different legal systems of other countries, learned about the employment relationship in question in order to detect the main elements that jurisprudence made use of in respect to the definition of the case present in each system. As for Italy, the traditional principle of prevalence of the implementation of the executive phase over paper will was also taken into consideration for qualifying purposes. From here we came to ascertain the existence of a double alienation in the employment relationship between couriers and digital platforms, also accounting for the rulings of the European Court of Justice over the entrepreneurial nature of the latter, by carrying out an in-depth analysis of the concrete organization of work and its transformations underway. Once intertwined these data, it was argued that the employment relationships of cycle-couriers carried out by means of digital platforms can be considered subordinate employment relationships, given the existence of the result alienation as well as the organization alienation . Furthermore, an attempt was made to object to the main if not the only subject that would preclude recognition of the subordinate nature of the riders’s employment relationship; namely the fact that, being able to choose if and when to work, they would benefit from a decision-making autonomy incompatible with subordination. Then, the fourth chapter offers an in-depth analysis of the main union events that affected on demand jobs, for two essential reasons: first because the position of traditional and non-traditional unions was crucial, not only in Italy, in regulating employment relationships in the food delivery sector, and then because the transformations of the methods of implementation of work services, represented by the massive use of technology, also affected the industrial relations, to such an extent that unprecedented questions were posed for the union law, referred to in the carrying out of the research study. Finally, in the last chapter, the most recent law No. 128/2019 was taken into consideration, which regulates the employment relationship carried out also by means of a digital platform, both through the extension of the regulation of subordinate work to hetero-organized collaborators, pursuant to section 2 of Legislative Decree No. 81/2015, as amended by section 1 of the same law, and through the application of a significant protection system to the riders who are self-employed. Hence, once again, a regulatory intervention that eludes the legal form profile of the case, posing significant issues of legal certainty and following the path of a merely remedial approach to the urgent question of the riders’ exploitation, perhaps extending the protections stemming from the status of subordination, yet, without explicitly recognizing it.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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