When an earthquake occurs, survivors start to evacuate. Especially in historical centres, their safety is connected to the surrounding environment but several factors can increase their difficulty to locate and reach safe zones. Furthermore, the scarce familiarity with the place, the emergency plan and the safe paths, drastically raise the probability they can be involved into fatalities while trying to get themselves safe. Studies about risk evaluation, emergency planning and evacuation management had a large development but they have been focused especially for fire emergency and indoor environment. Only recently, specific guidelines for earthquake emergency in urban scenarios have been produced. However, they are quite simplified approaches focusing on rescuers’ perspective, not effectively supporting survivors. In a such context, the ability to autonomously evacuate and gain safe place, also called ‘self-help’, is the main resource survivors can carry out. The current work starts analysing the consolidated literature, then, new methodologies for urban emergency planning and post-earthquake evacuation in historical centres are proposed. A performance-based approach is adopted to evaluate the criticalities deriving from the men-environment interactions and to offer possible solutions. To this aim, several fields of study are defined and new methodologies and tools are offered where necessaries. The proposed methods, applied to a case study, are tested using a behavioural simulation software specialized for earthquake emergency. Key Performance Indicators are adopted to quantify the evacuation performances and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed planning and guidance methods. Combining the proposed studies with traditional methods could be useful to emergency planners during the analyse and designing phases. Furthermore, it can be a considerable optimization practice in case of limited resources, or in scenarios with relevant constrains as the historical ones.
Soprattutto nei centri storici, la sicurezza degli evacuanti dopo un terremoto è collegata all'ambiente circostante ma diversi fattori possono ostacolare l’individuazione e il raggiungimento delle zone sicure. Inoltre, la scarsa familiarità col luogo, il piano d’emergenza e i percorsi sicuri, aumenta drasticamente le possibilità d’incidente nel mettersi in salvo. Studi sulla valutazione del rischio, la pianificazione d’emergenza e la gestione dell'evacuazione hanno avuto grande sviluppo, ma sono principalmente focalizzati sull'emergenza antincendio in ambienti indoor. Solo recentemente sono state emanate linee guida specifiche per l'emergenza sismica in contesti urbani. Tuttavia, sono approcci piuttosto semplificati che non supportano efficacemente i sopravvissuti. In tale contesto, la capacità di evacuare autonomamente e mettersi in salvo, chiamata anche "self-help", è la principale risorsa che i sopravvissuti possono attuare. Il presente lavoro inizia analizzando la letteratura consolidata, per poi proporre nuove metodologie per la pianificazione dell’emergenza e l'evacuazione post-sisma nei centri storici. Adottando un approccio prestazionale, sono valutate le criticità derivanti dalle interazioni uomo-ambiente e proposte possibili soluzioni. A tal fine, sono stati definiti diversi campi di studio ed offerti nuovi metodi e strumenti laddove necessario. I metodi proposti, applicati a un caso di studio, sono testati utilizzando un software di simulazione comportamentale specializzato per l'emergenza sismica. Degli indicatori prestazionali sono adottati per quantificare le performances evacuative e valutare l'efficacia dei metodi di pianificazione e di guida proposti. La combinazione degli studi proposti con metodi tradizionali potrebbe essere utile ai pianificatori di emergenza durante le fasi di analisi e progettazione. Inoltre, può essere una pratica di ottimizzazione considerevole in caso di risorse limitate o in scenari con vincoli rilevanti come quelli storici.
A behavioural approach to the earthquake safety planning of historical centres. Development of innovative methodologies and tools for planners and evacuees / Santarelli, Silvia. - (2019 Oct 25).
A behavioural approach to the earthquake safety planning of historical centres. Development of innovative methodologies and tools for planners and evacuees
SANTARELLI, SILVIA
2019-10-25
Abstract
When an earthquake occurs, survivors start to evacuate. Especially in historical centres, their safety is connected to the surrounding environment but several factors can increase their difficulty to locate and reach safe zones. Furthermore, the scarce familiarity with the place, the emergency plan and the safe paths, drastically raise the probability they can be involved into fatalities while trying to get themselves safe. Studies about risk evaluation, emergency planning and evacuation management had a large development but they have been focused especially for fire emergency and indoor environment. Only recently, specific guidelines for earthquake emergency in urban scenarios have been produced. However, they are quite simplified approaches focusing on rescuers’ perspective, not effectively supporting survivors. In a such context, the ability to autonomously evacuate and gain safe place, also called ‘self-help’, is the main resource survivors can carry out. The current work starts analysing the consolidated literature, then, new methodologies for urban emergency planning and post-earthquake evacuation in historical centres are proposed. A performance-based approach is adopted to evaluate the criticalities deriving from the men-environment interactions and to offer possible solutions. To this aim, several fields of study are defined and new methodologies and tools are offered where necessaries. The proposed methods, applied to a case study, are tested using a behavioural simulation software specialized for earthquake emergency. Key Performance Indicators are adopted to quantify the evacuation performances and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed planning and guidance methods. Combining the proposed studies with traditional methods could be useful to emergency planners during the analyse and designing phases. Furthermore, it can be a considerable optimization practice in case of limited resources, or in scenarios with relevant constrains as the historical ones.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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