In seguito a fuoriuscite accidentali di petrolio in mare, la normativa italiana, prevede l’utilizzo sia di prodotti assorbenti sia di disperdenti chimici, sostanze quest’ultime in grado di disperdere il greggio nella colonna d’acqua. Tuttavia, tale normativa che prevede che tali prodotti siano preventivamente testati e autorizzati prima di essere immessi sul mercato, non tiene conto della loro potenziale tossicità in combinazione con gli idrocarburi, rendendo il loro utilizzo fortemente controverso, poiché potenzialmente in grado di causare un temporaneo aumento della tossicità rispetto al greggio non trattato. Date queste premesse, lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di aumentare le conoscenze sulla tossicità dei disperdenti fornendo un approccio integrato che consideri gli effetti interattivi tra il disperdente chimico e diverse tipologie di olio (estratti in Mediterraneo) utilizzando un approccio ecotossicologico integrato. Sugli esemplari di M. galloprovincialis, esposti per 2 giorni al disperdente, agli oli dispersi sia meccanicamente sia chimicamente, e successivamente trasferiti in acqua pulita sono state effettuate analisi di bioaccumulo di idrocarburi, di risposte biologiche, di test ecotossicologici e i risultati sono stati elaborati all'interno di un modello multidisciplinare di Weight Of Evidence (WOE) per ottenere un indice di rischio per i diversi trattamenti e tempi sperimentali. Dai risultati ottenuti emerge come il disperdente favorisce il bioaccumulo di IPA in M. galloprovincialis in presenza dei due oli seguito da un lento ritorno ai livelli iniziali; effetti transitori si riscontrano in alcuni biomarker; i saggi ecotossicologici confermano la più alta tossicità degli oli+disperdente rispetto agli oli dosati singolarmente. Il modello WOE conferma un maggior rischio associato agli oli chimicamente dispersi. Questo lavoro di tesi ha fornito un punto di vista più realistico, suggerendo di eseguire una valutazione più accurata e integrata dell'ammissibilità dei prodotti disperdenti, a differenza di quella attualmente considerata dalla legislazione italiana.
Oil spills can seriously affect marine environment causing toxicity through physical smothering and carcinogenic effects of their constituents, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The use of dispersants is often presented as a rapid technique to reduce the oil slick, by promoting its dispersion in the water column, but a similar approach is highly controversial and debated for potential synergistic effects of dispersants, and the possible increase in PAHs bioavailability and toxicity. Italian legislation considers chemical dispersion as the last option, and candidate products need to be previously characterized The required analyses, however, consider the ecotoxicological potential of the dispersant alone. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated approach, considering interactive effects of chemical dispersants and oil on bioaccumulation, early biochemical and cellular effects in different tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis, and acute toxicity in different target species. Therefore, mussels were exposed for two days to dispersant alone, mechanically and chemically dispersed oils, followed by a recovery in clean seawater. At different times, results on bioaccumulation of PAHs and biomarker responses were combined with those of a battery of ecotoxicological bioassays, and elaborated within a multidisciplinary Weight Of Evidence (WOE) model to obtain an index of risk for the different treatments and times. The results show that the dispersant favours the bioaccumulation of PAH in M. galloprovincialis in the presence of the two oils followed by a slow return to the initial conditions; transient effects was found in some biomarkers; the ecotoxicological bioassays confirm the highest toxicity of the oils+dispersant compared to oils dosed alone. The WOE model confirm a greater risk associated with chemically dispersed oils. This research gave a more realistic point of view, suggesting a more articulated and integrated evaluation of eligibility of dispersant products, differently from that currently considered by Italian legislation.
Toxicity of mechanically and chemically dispersed oils in marine organisms / Lanzoni, Ilaria. - (2018 Feb 23).
Toxicity of mechanically and chemically dispersed oils in marine organisms
LANZONI, ILARIA
2018-02-23
Abstract
Oil spills can seriously affect marine environment causing toxicity through physical smothering and carcinogenic effects of their constituents, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The use of dispersants is often presented as a rapid technique to reduce the oil slick, by promoting its dispersion in the water column, but a similar approach is highly controversial and debated for potential synergistic effects of dispersants, and the possible increase in PAHs bioavailability and toxicity. Italian legislation considers chemical dispersion as the last option, and candidate products need to be previously characterized The required analyses, however, consider the ecotoxicological potential of the dispersant alone. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated approach, considering interactive effects of chemical dispersants and oil on bioaccumulation, early biochemical and cellular effects in different tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis, and acute toxicity in different target species. Therefore, mussels were exposed for two days to dispersant alone, mechanically and chemically dispersed oils, followed by a recovery in clean seawater. At different times, results on bioaccumulation of PAHs and biomarker responses were combined with those of a battery of ecotoxicological bioassays, and elaborated within a multidisciplinary Weight Of Evidence (WOE) model to obtain an index of risk for the different treatments and times. The results show that the dispersant favours the bioaccumulation of PAH in M. galloprovincialis in the presence of the two oils followed by a slow return to the initial conditions; transient effects was found in some biomarkers; the ecotoxicological bioassays confirm the highest toxicity of the oils+dispersant compared to oils dosed alone. The WOE model confirm a greater risk associated with chemically dispersed oils. This research gave a more realistic point of view, suggesting a more articulated and integrated evaluation of eligibility of dispersant products, differently from that currently considered by Italian legislation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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