Despite the major advances in colon cancer treatment, including postoperative care, recurrence and mortality rates remain high; hence the urgent need to complement the current therapies. Numerous investigations have been made on plant bioactive compounds and colon cancer prevention in the recent decades. Honey is a natural food product known to modulate several biological activities including cancer. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate the anticancer potential of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on in vitro colon cancer models targeting different molecular aspects. Manuka and Strawberry tree were used for phytochemical characterization and total antioxidant capacity. The phenolic compounds were indentified and quantified by HPLC assay. The growth inhibitory effects of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116) and Dukes’ type C, grade IV, colon metastasis cells (LoVo) were observed by cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assay. The oxidative stress were assessed through the determination of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and DNA damage, as well as the antioxidant enzyme activities on cells lysates. The expression of proteins related to inflammation, apoptotic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and EGFR signalling was determined by western blotting. Bioenergetic characterization was evaluated by observing several parameters of mitochondrial respiration (oxygen consumption rate) and glycolysis (extracellular acidification rate) in both cell lines. Anti-metastasis effects were observed through migration and colony formation assay, and the expression of invasion, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis markers were observed by western blotting. Finally, the synergistic or addictive effects of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy were evaluated in both colon cancer cell lines. Manuka and Strawberry tree honey represent a good source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. Both types of honey exhibited profound inhibitory effects on the growth of human colon cancer cells, without showing any toxic effect on normal non-cancer cells. At different concentrations, a strong induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and oxidative stress was observed after the treatments since they increased the accumulation of ROS and elevated the damage of protein, lipid and DNA of the HCT-116 and LoVo cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed through the suppression of NFκB, p-IκB-α and other pro- inflammatory cytokines expression, while the suppression of p-Akt indicated anti-proliferative effects; at the same time the increased levels of p-p38MAPK and p-Erk1/2, after honey treatments, indicated the up-regulation of apoptosis rate. Furthermore, suppression of Nrf2 dependent antioxidant enzyme expression (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and heme oxygenase 1) and the activity of catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, reductase and transferase enzymes were observed in both cell lines after honey treatments. The ER stress was also inducted, as suggested by the elevation of ATF6 and XBP1 protein expression. In HCT-116 and LoVo cells, both honeys decreased mitochondrial function that is correlated with cell survival potential and concurrently, decreased the extracellular acidification rate (glycolysis). Moreover, the expressions of p-AMPK/AMPK, PGC1α and SIRT1 were suppressed after the treatments which were involved in the survival of HCT-116 and LoVo cells under metabolic stress condition. In addition, the migration and colony formation abilities were reduced, as well as the invasion abilities were suppressed by both types of honey through the expression of matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs). Expressions of EMT markers, such as E-, N-cadherin and β-catenin and tumor metastasis promoting factor CXCR4 and NF-κB, were also down-regulated by Manuka and Strawberry tree honey treatments. Both honey varieties potentiate the anticancer effects of 5-FU chemotherapy on human colon cancer cells at less concentration compared to single dose of 5-FU. In the presence of Manuka or Strawberry tree honey, 5-FU induced synergistic effects by suppressing the expression of inflammation markers, EGFR pathways and antioxidant enzyme activities, while it increased MAPK pathway and ROS production at less concentration of 5-FU alone compared to IC50 values. Moreover, additive effects were observed by arresting cell cycle and increasing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and ER stress. All the parameters of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis function were decreased in a similar way after all the treatments, while the expression of AMPK pathway was suppressed more after the combination treatments compared to single doses of 5-FU. In addition, anti-metastasis effects of 5-FU also increased when it was combined with Manuka and Strawberry tree honey by decreasing the migration ability, as well as suppressing the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin, NFκB and CXCR4 proteins. The above findings indicate that Manuka and Strawberry tree honey induce growth inhibitory effects of HCT-116 and LoVo cells, while the anticancer potential of 5-FU chemotherapy is enhance in the presence of both honey varieties at less doses. These preliminary results are interesting and suggest a potential chemopreventive action which could be useful for further studies in order to develop chemopreventive agents for colon cancer treatment.
Il cancro al colon rappresenta una delle principali cause di morbosità e mortalità per neoplasia in tutti i Paesi occidentali. Nonostante i numerosi progressi ottenuti nei trattamenti pre- e postoperatori, i tassi di recidiva rimangono ancora elevati; da qui l'urgente necessità di integrare le attuali terapie convenzionali. Negli ultimi decenni numerose ricerche hanno valutato l’effetto dei composti bioattivi naturali nella prevenzione del cancro del colon. In questo contesto, il miele rappresenta un prodotto alimentare naturale noto per modulare diverse attività biologiche e prevenire alcune patologie, tra cui il cancro. L'obiettivo principale del presente lavoro è stato valutare in vitro il potenziale antitumorale del miele di Manuka e del miele di corbezzolo su due diversi modelli cellulari di cancro al colon, che differiscono tra loro per l’espressione di alcuni geni di metastatizzazione. I due mieli sono stati analizzati per determinare la composizione fitochimica, mediante analisi di HPLC, e la capacità totale antiossidante. Gli effetti antitumorali esercitati dal miele di Manuka e di corbezzolo sono stati valutati indue linee di adenocarcinoma del colon (HCT-116 e LoVo), attraverso la determinazione della vitalità cellulare, del tasso di apoptosi e dei livelli intracellulari di specie reattive dell’ ossigeno (ROS). Lo stress ossidativo è stato misurato mediante la determinazione della perossidazione lipidica, del contenuto di gruppi carbonili e del danno del DNA, nonché mediante la valutazione delle attività degli enzimi antiossidanti nei lisati cellulari. I livelli di espressione delle proteine correlate all'infiammazione, all'apoptosi, allo stress del reticolo endoplasmatico (RE) e alla via molecolare dell’ EGFR sono stati determinati attraverso saggi di Western blot. La caratterizzazione bioenergetica è stata analizzata valutando diversi parametri di respirazione mitocondriale (tasso di consumo di ossigeno) e glicolisi (velocità di acidificazione extracellulare) in entrambe le linee cellulari. Gli effetti anti-metastatici sono stati osservati attraverso il saggio di migrazione cellulare e di formazione delle colonie; l'espressione di marcatori di invasione, transizione mesenchimale epiteliale (EMT) e metastatizzazione è stata osservata mediante Western blot. Infine, sono stati analizzati gli effetti sinergici del miele di Manuka e di corbezzolo con il chemioterapico 5-fluorouracile (5-FU) in entrambe le linee cellulari. I risultati hanno dimostrato che il miele di Manuka e di corbezzolo rappresentano una buona fonte di composti fenolici, flavonoidi e possiedono una notevole capacità antiossidante. Entrambi i tipi di miele hanno dimostrato profondi effetti inibitori sulla crescita delle cellule tumorali, senza mostrare, al tempo stesso, alcun effetto tossico in cellule sane non cancerose. Nello specifico, dopo il trattamento con il miele, è stata evidenziata una forte induzione dell'arresto del ciclo cellulare, dell'apoptosi e dello stress ossidativo con un significativo aumento di ROS e del danno a carico di proteine, lipidi e DNA in entrambe le linee cellulari. Gli effetti antinfiammatori sono stati osservati attraverso la riduzione di NFκB, p-IκB-α e di altre citochine pro-infiammatorie, mentre la soppressione della proteina p-Akt ha evidenziato effetti antiproliferativi; allo stesso tempo, l’incremento dei livelli di p-p38MAPK e p-Erk1/2, dopo il trattamento con il miele, ha indicato l’induzione dell’ apoptosi. Inoltre, è stata osservata la riduzione dell'espressione degli enzimi antiossidanti (superossido dismutasi (SOD), catalasi ed eme-ossigenasi 1) dipendenti da Nrf2, così come l'attività della catalasi, SOD, glutatione perossidasi, reduttasi e transferasi in entrambe le linee cellulari. Il trattamento con il miele ha indotto anche lo stress del RE, come suggerito dall'incremento dell’ espressione di ATF6 e XBP1. E’ stata evidenziata anche una riduzione della funzionalità mitocondriale, correlata con il potenziale di sopravvivenza cellulare, e, contemporaneamente, una diminuzione del tasso di glicolisi. Inoltre, il trattamento con il miele ha ridottoi livelli di espressione di p-AMPK/AMPK, PGC1α e SIRT1 coinvolte nella sopravvivenza delle cellule HCT-116 e LoVo in condizioni di stress metabolico. Inoltre, è stata evidenziata una diminuzione delle abilità di migrazione cellulare e di formazione delle colonie, cosi come delle capacità di invasione e metastatizzazione, come dimostrato dalla riduzione dell’espressione delle metallo-proteinasi, delle E-, N-caderine, delle β-catenine e di CXCR4 e NF-κB. Infine, è stato riscontrato che entrambe le varietà di miele sono in grado di potenziare gli effetti antitumorali del chemioterapico 5-FU. In presenza dei mieli, infatti, il 5-FU ha soppresso l'espressione dei marcatori di infiammazione, dell’ EGFR e le attività degli enzimi antiossidanti, mentre ha stimolato le MAPK e la produzione di ROS, ad una concentrazione minore rispetto a quando utilizzato da solo. Inoltre, sono stati osservati effetti additivi nell’arresto del ciclo cellulare e nell’induzione della perossidazione dei lipidi, nel contenuto di carbonili e nello stress del RE. Il trattamento combinato ha inoltre ridotto tutti i parametri di funzionalità mitocondriale e glicolitica e l'espressione delle proteine coinvolte nella via dell’ AMPK, delle MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherina, NFκB e CXCR4 . Questi risultati indicano che il miele di Manuka e di corbezzolo sono in grado di esercitare effetti inibitori sulla crescita delle cellule HCT-116 e LoVo ed effetti sinergici con il chemioterapico 5-FU; queste interessanti scoperte, sebbene preliminari, suggeriscono una potenziale azione chemiopreventiva che potrebbe risultare utile per sviluppare agenti chemiopreventivi per il trattamento del cancro al colon.
Chemopreventive effects of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on human colon cancer HCT-116 and LoVo cells: a focus on molecular targets / Afrin, Sadia. - (2018 Mar 13).
Chemopreventive effects of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on human colon cancer HCT-116 and LoVo cells: a focus on molecular targets
AFRIN, SADIA
2018-03-13
Abstract
Despite the major advances in colon cancer treatment, including postoperative care, recurrence and mortality rates remain high; hence the urgent need to complement the current therapies. Numerous investigations have been made on plant bioactive compounds and colon cancer prevention in the recent decades. Honey is a natural food product known to modulate several biological activities including cancer. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate the anticancer potential of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on in vitro colon cancer models targeting different molecular aspects. Manuka and Strawberry tree were used for phytochemical characterization and total antioxidant capacity. The phenolic compounds were indentified and quantified by HPLC assay. The growth inhibitory effects of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116) and Dukes’ type C, grade IV, colon metastasis cells (LoVo) were observed by cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assay. The oxidative stress were assessed through the determination of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and DNA damage, as well as the antioxidant enzyme activities on cells lysates. The expression of proteins related to inflammation, apoptotic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and EGFR signalling was determined by western blotting. Bioenergetic characterization was evaluated by observing several parameters of mitochondrial respiration (oxygen consumption rate) and glycolysis (extracellular acidification rate) in both cell lines. Anti-metastasis effects were observed through migration and colony formation assay, and the expression of invasion, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis markers were observed by western blotting. Finally, the synergistic or addictive effects of Manuka and Strawberry tree honey on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy were evaluated in both colon cancer cell lines. Manuka and Strawberry tree honey represent a good source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. Both types of honey exhibited profound inhibitory effects on the growth of human colon cancer cells, without showing any toxic effect on normal non-cancer cells. At different concentrations, a strong induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and oxidative stress was observed after the treatments since they increased the accumulation of ROS and elevated the damage of protein, lipid and DNA of the HCT-116 and LoVo cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed through the suppression of NFκB, p-IκB-α and other pro- inflammatory cytokines expression, while the suppression of p-Akt indicated anti-proliferative effects; at the same time the increased levels of p-p38MAPK and p-Erk1/2, after honey treatments, indicated the up-regulation of apoptosis rate. Furthermore, suppression of Nrf2 dependent antioxidant enzyme expression (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and heme oxygenase 1) and the activity of catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, reductase and transferase enzymes were observed in both cell lines after honey treatments. The ER stress was also inducted, as suggested by the elevation of ATF6 and XBP1 protein expression. In HCT-116 and LoVo cells, both honeys decreased mitochondrial function that is correlated with cell survival potential and concurrently, decreased the extracellular acidification rate (glycolysis). Moreover, the expressions of p-AMPK/AMPK, PGC1α and SIRT1 were suppressed after the treatments which were involved in the survival of HCT-116 and LoVo cells under metabolic stress condition. In addition, the migration and colony formation abilities were reduced, as well as the invasion abilities were suppressed by both types of honey through the expression of matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs). Expressions of EMT markers, such as E-, N-cadherin and β-catenin and tumor metastasis promoting factor CXCR4 and NF-κB, were also down-regulated by Manuka and Strawberry tree honey treatments. Both honey varieties potentiate the anticancer effects of 5-FU chemotherapy on human colon cancer cells at less concentration compared to single dose of 5-FU. In the presence of Manuka or Strawberry tree honey, 5-FU induced synergistic effects by suppressing the expression of inflammation markers, EGFR pathways and antioxidant enzyme activities, while it increased MAPK pathway and ROS production at less concentration of 5-FU alone compared to IC50 values. Moreover, additive effects were observed by arresting cell cycle and increasing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and ER stress. All the parameters of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis function were decreased in a similar way after all the treatments, while the expression of AMPK pathway was suppressed more after the combination treatments compared to single doses of 5-FU. In addition, anti-metastasis effects of 5-FU also increased when it was combined with Manuka and Strawberry tree honey by decreasing the migration ability, as well as suppressing the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin, NFκB and CXCR4 proteins. The above findings indicate that Manuka and Strawberry tree honey induce growth inhibitory effects of HCT-116 and LoVo cells, while the anticancer potential of 5-FU chemotherapy is enhance in the presence of both honey varieties at less doses. These preliminary results are interesting and suggest a potential chemopreventive action which could be useful for further studies in order to develop chemopreventive agents for colon cancer treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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