This PhD Thesis, entitled "The Economics of politics: Politicians, Firms and Patronage", examines parliamentarians exit options, in a majoritarian electoral system, where the elected member of parliament decides his future career considering how much it would be valuable his loyalty to the party, which has selected him as a candidate, or to his electoral district, which has effectively elected him, in terms of possible available exit strategies in case of not reelection. These exit strategies include also an appointment to a private-public enterprise board of directors. This opportunity is what in political science literature is defined as resource patronage. The thesis includes three chapters, the first of which is a review of three related fields of literature.The first area of interest concerns the phenomenon of the privatization of the public companies in a political economy perspective, that is where the process of downsizing the state sector is analyzed considering the electoral consensus and the possible rents deriving from the enduring political control of partly privatized companies. The first literature branch, where it is stressed the relevance of the parties appointment authority as one of the main channels through which parties influence private-public firms administration, provides the starting point for the analysis of the second one, which describes the results, currently available in literature, in terms of resource patronage. Here it is examined in depth the role of political appointments to private-public enterprises (and public firms) management and boards of directors. The main purpose of political appointments is facilitating parties controlling and rewarding opportunities towards their own members of parliament. The last paragraph of the chapter reports articles regarding the political selection in a strict sense and it has been inserted considering how patronage dynamics could influence the entire candidates selection process made by parties. In the second chapter I estimate an empirical probabilistic model regarding italian members of parliament opportunities about being appointed to private-public enterprises boards of governors. The datasets used are two: the first, kindly provided by the Rodolfo De Benedetti Foundation, the second, personally compiled thanks to the online archive of the italian Chamber of Commerce. The model includes, in addition to the main available individual political variables, some individual socioeconomic control variables. The empirical results , based on linear and non linear econometric specifications, show how rewarding and controlling dynamics could be at stake through resource patronage: in particular, it is worth emphasizing the statistical significance of the parliamentarians’ electoral result at next elections and their party loyalty rate. Indeed, the members of parliament awarded with an appointment are those who lose the next electoral race or who retire from the political arena, and who show a greater party loyalty when voting acts in parliament. In the third chapter it is described a related theoretical model where three players are involved: the party, the member of parliament and the district (voters). Once players’ utility functions are laid down, the model describes how their optimization process could influence the political selection, also considering a patronage opportunity, both for the party and the parliamentarian. In a first version of the model it is assumed a strong incumbency advantage hypothesis according to which the party always grants his incumbent the candidacy for the next term election, and then the assumption is relaxed.
La presente tesi di dottorato, dal titolo "The Economics of Politics: Politicians, Firms and Patronage", esamina le opzioni di uscita dei parlamentari, in un contesto teorico elettorale maggioritario, in cui il parlamentare eletto decide la sua carriera futura in merito al suo comportamento di fedeltà al partito che lo ha selezionato, o al distretto che lo ha eletto, in virtù delle exit strategies che ha disposizione, tra le quali figura anche una nomina come membro del CdA di una azienda a partecipazione pubblica. Data nomina rientra in quello che nella letteratura scientifica di scienza politica viene definito resource patronage. La tesi si struttura su tre capitoli, il primo dei quali di rassegna nel quale si riconnettono principalmente tre filoni di letteratura. Il primo filone riguarda il fenomeno della privatizzazione delle aziende pubbliche in un’ottica di political economy, dove cioè il processo di ridimensionamento del settore statale è studiato nei suoi risvolti di consenso elettorale, mantenimento di rendite da parte del ceto politico e mantenimento del controllo politico delle aziende parzialmente privatizzate. Questo primo filone, dove si riscontra il potere di nomina da parte dei partiti come uno dei principali canali di influenza delle aziende in esame, fornisce lo spunto per l’analisi del secondo, il quale descrive quelli che sono i risultati della ricerca ottenuti fino ad oggi in tema di resource patronage. Viene qui approfondito il ruolo delle nomine politiche effettuate dai partiti per gli organi direzionali di aziende a partecipazione pubblica ed enti pubblici in generale. Il principale ruolo risulta essere quello di facilitare dinamiche di controllo e di premialità nei confronti di singoli politici da parte dei partiti. L’ultimo filone di ricerca considerato è quello della selezione politica effettuata dai partiti politici in senso stretto e viene proposto considerando come le dinamiche dei primi due possano influenzare tale processo di selezione, alla luce della possibilità di patronage, normalmente non considerata nei tradizionali modelli presenti in letteratura. Nel secondo capitolo si stima empiricamente un modello probabilistico circa la possibilità dei parlamentari italiani di essere nominati in un Cda di aziende a partecipazione pubblica. I dataset su cui si basa detto modello sono due: il primo gentilmente concesso dalla Fondazione Rodolfo De Benedetti, il secondo personalmente costruito tramite l’archivio online della Camera di Commercio. Il modello include, oltre alle principali variabili politiche di cui a disposizione, alcune variabili di controllo, socio-economiche, dei parlamentari. I risultati empirici, basati su specificazioni lineari e non lineari, dimostrano una conferma di dinamiche di premialità e controllo nei confronti dei parlamentari attraverso il resource patronage, che potrebbero quindi influenzare la selezione dei candidati nelle future elezioni politiche: questa interpretazione è basata sulla significatività del risultato elettorale e del tasso di fedeltà al partito dei singoli parlamentari presi in esame. In particolare infatti, emerge come vengano premiati coloro tra i parlamentari che manifestano una maggiore lealtà nei confronti del partito di appartenenza e che sperimentano una sconfitta alle elezioni nazionali susseguenti o un ritiro dalla carriera politica. Nel terzo capitolo si delinea un attinente modello teorico generale che vede tre attori coinvolti: il partito, il parlamentare eletto e il distretto di appartenenza di quest’ultimo. Definite le regole decisionali ottimizzanti per i tre attori il modello descrive le dinamiche che potrebbero guidare il fenomeno del patronage, con particolare riguardo verso i career concerns dei parlamentari eletti. Dapprima viene assunta l’automatica ricandidatura dei parlamentari in carica da parte dei partiti, mentre successivamente il modello descrive le medesime dinamiche in assenza di questa assunzione. I risultati analitici aprono più spunti di riflessione di dette dinamiche, con alcune conclusioni prevedibili mentre altre meno.
The economics of politics: politicians, firms and patronage / Quaresima, Federico. - (2017 Mar 15).
The economics of politics: politicians, firms and patronage.
QUARESIMA, FEDERICO
2017-03-15
Abstract
This PhD Thesis, entitled "The Economics of politics: Politicians, Firms and Patronage", examines parliamentarians exit options, in a majoritarian electoral system, where the elected member of parliament decides his future career considering how much it would be valuable his loyalty to the party, which has selected him as a candidate, or to his electoral district, which has effectively elected him, in terms of possible available exit strategies in case of not reelection. These exit strategies include also an appointment to a private-public enterprise board of directors. This opportunity is what in political science literature is defined as resource patronage. The thesis includes three chapters, the first of which is a review of three related fields of literature.The first area of interest concerns the phenomenon of the privatization of the public companies in a political economy perspective, that is where the process of downsizing the state sector is analyzed considering the electoral consensus and the possible rents deriving from the enduring political control of partly privatized companies. The first literature branch, where it is stressed the relevance of the parties appointment authority as one of the main channels through which parties influence private-public firms administration, provides the starting point for the analysis of the second one, which describes the results, currently available in literature, in terms of resource patronage. Here it is examined in depth the role of political appointments to private-public enterprises (and public firms) management and boards of directors. The main purpose of political appointments is facilitating parties controlling and rewarding opportunities towards their own members of parliament. The last paragraph of the chapter reports articles regarding the political selection in a strict sense and it has been inserted considering how patronage dynamics could influence the entire candidates selection process made by parties. In the second chapter I estimate an empirical probabilistic model regarding italian members of parliament opportunities about being appointed to private-public enterprises boards of governors. The datasets used are two: the first, kindly provided by the Rodolfo De Benedetti Foundation, the second, personally compiled thanks to the online archive of the italian Chamber of Commerce. The model includes, in addition to the main available individual political variables, some individual socioeconomic control variables. The empirical results , based on linear and non linear econometric specifications, show how rewarding and controlling dynamics could be at stake through resource patronage: in particular, it is worth emphasizing the statistical significance of the parliamentarians’ electoral result at next elections and their party loyalty rate. Indeed, the members of parliament awarded with an appointment are those who lose the next electoral race or who retire from the political arena, and who show a greater party loyalty when voting acts in parliament. In the third chapter it is described a related theoretical model where three players are involved: the party, the member of parliament and the district (voters). Once players’ utility functions are laid down, the model describes how their optimization process could influence the political selection, also considering a patronage opportunity, both for the party and the parliamentarian. In a first version of the model it is assumed a strong incumbency advantage hypothesis according to which the party always grants his incumbent the candidacy for the next term election, and then the assumption is relaxed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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