ABSTRACT Background. Sleep is involved in maintaining cerebral anatomic integrity and functions through different mechanisms including promotion of synaptic plasticity, memory consolidation and scavenger activity. Epidemiological studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may increase the risk of cognitive impairment. A deeper knowledge of the pathophysiological link between OSAS and dementia and the demonstration that OSAS may directly influence the development of cognitive alterations, would improve prevention and treatment strategies. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between cognitive impairment and presence/severity of OSAS, as well as the possible influence of vascular factors. Subjects and methods. Forty-one non demented subjects with OSAS, diagnosed with an all-night polysomnography were enrolled. At baseline, all subjects underwent a complete and standardized vascular screening including a study of cerebrovascular reactivity by means of the breath-holding index (BHI) calculation based on transcranial Doppler evaluation. A neuropsychological evaluation to study main cognitive domains was also performed. As controls, an age- and sex-matched group of subjects without OSAS were enrolled and submitted to the same protocol of vascular and cognitive assessment. All OSAS patients were submitted to the best treatment protocol according with International specific guidelines and re-evaluated after 6 months. At this time, each patient repeated polisomnographic, neuropsychologic and transcranial Doppler assessment. Results. At baseline, the cognitive performances were lower in patients with respect to controls in the following tasks: Stroop Test T1 and T2 and E1 and E2 (p=0.001), Rey auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) short-term/long-term (p=0.0001 and 0.001, respectively) and semantic and phonetic fluency test (p=0.001). Considering cerebrovascular reactivity, a significant difference between patients and controls was present in mean BHI (p<0.05). At the 6-month evaluation, based on the results of the comparison between the polisomnographic evaluations, 21 patients had an improvement of OSAS severity (group 1) and 20 remained stable (group 2). In group 1 patients, a significant improvement was found in left and mean BHI (p=0.001) and in short-term (p=0.02) and long-term Rey AVLT (p=0.001) No change in cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive profile was detected in group 2 patients. Conclusions. The main finding of the present study was the demonstration of a significant association between OSAS and reduced efficiency in some cognitive tasks in patients without a history of dementia. The link between reduced cognitive performances and alteration in cerebral hemodynamics suggests a possible pathogenic role of unfavorable circulatory changes in sustaining the cerebral dysfunction in OSAS. The possibility to improve vascular and cognitive alterations with specific treatments deserves full consideration for a comprehensive and timely therapeutic strategy in OSAS patients in order to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment.
Premessa e scopo. Il sonno è coinvolto nel mantenimento dell’ integrità anatomica e funzioni cerebrale attraverso meccanismi diversi, tra cui la promozione della plasticità sinaptica, il consolidamento della memoria e l'attività scavenger. Studi epidemiologici suggeriscono che la sindrome delle apnee ostruttive del sonno (OSAS) può aumentare il rischio di deterioramento cognitivo. Una conoscenza più approfondita del legame fisiopatologico tra OSAS e demenza e la dimostrazione che l’OSAS è in grado di influenzare direttamente lo sviluppo di alterazioni cognitive, potrebbe portare ad un miglioramento delle strategie di prevenzione e trattamento. L'obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato quello di valutare la correlazione tra deficit cognitivo e la presenza / gravità dell’OSAS, così come la possibile influenza di fattori vascolari. Soggetti e metodi. Sono stati arruolati 41 soggetti senza demenza affetti da OSAS, diagnosticata con una polisonnografia. Al basale, tutti i soggetti sono stati sottoposti ad uno screening vascolare completo e standardizzato, incluso uno studio della reattività cerebrovascolare mediante il calcolo dell’indice di apnea volontaria (BHI) sulla base della valutazione con Doppler transcranico. E’ stata inoltre eseguita una valutazione neuropsicologica per studiare i principali domini cognitivi. Come controlli, sono sati arruolati e sottoposti allo stesso protocollo di valutazione vascolare e cognitiva soggetti con caratteristiche anagrafiche simili, non affetti da OSAS. Tutti i pazienti con OSAS sono stati sottoposti al miglior protocollo di trattamento in base alle raccomandazioni delle linee guida internazionali e rivalutati dopo 6 mesi. In questo momento, ogni paziente ha ripetuto gli esami polisomnografici, neuropsicologici e ultrasonografici. Risultati. Al basale, le prestazioni cognitive erano più basse nei pazienti rispetto ai controlli nei seguenti compiti: Stroop test T1 e T2 e E1 ed E2 (p = 0,001), test delle parole di Rey per l’apprendimento verbale a breve termine / lungo termine (p = 0,0001 e 0,001, rispettivamente) e test di fluenza semantica e fonetica (p = 0,001). Considerando la reattività cerebrovascolare, una differenza significativa tra pazienti e controlli era presente per il BHI medio (p <0.05). Alla valutazione a 6 mesi, sulla base dei risultati del confronto tra le due valutazioni polisonnografiche, 21 pazienti presentavano un miglioramento della gravità dell’OSAS (gruppo 1) e 20 erano rimasti stabili (gruppo 2). Nel gruppo 1 è stato trovato un miglioramento significativo nel BHI sinistro (p = 0.001) e medio (p = 0.001) e nel test delle parole di Rey per l’apprendimento verbale a breve termine (p = 0.02) e a lungo termine (p = 0,001). Nessun cambiamento nella reattività cerebrovascolare e nel profilo cognitivo è stato rilevato nei pazienti del gruppo. Conclusioni. Il dato più significativo di questo studio riguarda la dimostrazione di una significativa associazione tra OSAS e riduzione dell’efficienza in alcuni compiti cognitivi in pazienti senza una storia di demenza. Il legame tra la riduzione delle prestazioni cognitive e le alterazioni emodinamiche cerebrali suggerisce un possibile ruolo patogenetico di una condizione circolatoria sfavorevole nel sostenere la disfunzione cerebrale nell’OSAS. La possibilità di migliorare le alterazioni vascolari e cognitive con trattamenti specifici merita una attenta considerazione per una strategia terapeutica completa e tempestiva nei pazienti con OSAS al fine di ridurre il rischio di sviluppo di un deterioramento cognitivo.
The role of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the pathogenesis and evolution of dementia / Buratti, Laura. - (2017 Mar 01).
The role of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the pathogenesis and evolution of dementia
BURATTI, LAURA
2017-03-01
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background. Sleep is involved in maintaining cerebral anatomic integrity and functions through different mechanisms including promotion of synaptic plasticity, memory consolidation and scavenger activity. Epidemiological studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may increase the risk of cognitive impairment. A deeper knowledge of the pathophysiological link between OSAS and dementia and the demonstration that OSAS may directly influence the development of cognitive alterations, would improve prevention and treatment strategies. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between cognitive impairment and presence/severity of OSAS, as well as the possible influence of vascular factors. Subjects and methods. Forty-one non demented subjects with OSAS, diagnosed with an all-night polysomnography were enrolled. At baseline, all subjects underwent a complete and standardized vascular screening including a study of cerebrovascular reactivity by means of the breath-holding index (BHI) calculation based on transcranial Doppler evaluation. A neuropsychological evaluation to study main cognitive domains was also performed. As controls, an age- and sex-matched group of subjects without OSAS were enrolled and submitted to the same protocol of vascular and cognitive assessment. All OSAS patients were submitted to the best treatment protocol according with International specific guidelines and re-evaluated after 6 months. At this time, each patient repeated polisomnographic, neuropsychologic and transcranial Doppler assessment. Results. At baseline, the cognitive performances were lower in patients with respect to controls in the following tasks: Stroop Test T1 and T2 and E1 and E2 (p=0.001), Rey auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) short-term/long-term (p=0.0001 and 0.001, respectively) and semantic and phonetic fluency test (p=0.001). Considering cerebrovascular reactivity, a significant difference between patients and controls was present in mean BHI (p<0.05). At the 6-month evaluation, based on the results of the comparison between the polisomnographic evaluations, 21 patients had an improvement of OSAS severity (group 1) and 20 remained stable (group 2). In group 1 patients, a significant improvement was found in left and mean BHI (p=0.001) and in short-term (p=0.02) and long-term Rey AVLT (p=0.001) No change in cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive profile was detected in group 2 patients. Conclusions. The main finding of the present study was the demonstration of a significant association between OSAS and reduced efficiency in some cognitive tasks in patients without a history of dementia. The link between reduced cognitive performances and alteration in cerebral hemodynamics suggests a possible pathogenic role of unfavorable circulatory changes in sustaining the cerebral dysfunction in OSAS. The possibility to improve vascular and cognitive alterations with specific treatments deserves full consideration for a comprehensive and timely therapeutic strategy in OSAS patients in order to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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