Albania has a long legacy of centralized economic planning and is still ensconced in a fragile process of fiscal decentralization. As a transitional economy, characterized by strong structural disparities, the country’s local government units are still financially dependent on intergovernmental transfers. Normative theories call for the prudent and rigorous use of grants systems guided by equity and efficiency principles to reduce horizontal imbalances. This research thesis aims to explore the extent to which the Albanian system of intergovernmental transfers is guided by normative principles of equity and efficiency versus informal factors. The empirical approach involves the application of quantitative and qualitative methods to test both normative public economics and public choice theories, based on unexplored secondary data (panel data for the period 2004 -2011) and primary data (based on a survey of mayors for the period 2011-2013). The role of the central and local governments is analyzed to assess the determinants of intergovernmental fiscal relations. The results confirm the existence of an opportunistic central government that tactically uses intergovernmental transfers, especially during election years. The central government uses differing strategies in the allocation of conditional compared to unconditional grants to enhance its chances of being re-elected. Such behavior weakens the equity and efficiency criteria of the transfers and compromises the solidity of the fiscal instruments. The role of mayors is also noteworthy, especially in influencing another type of grants scheme - the Regional Development Fund. Electoral pressure, combined with an unequal and politically influenced redistribution system, leads local politicians to use their networking power and influence through various channels in order to maximize access to investment funds. The research argues that the neglected and distorted influence of institutional failures have a disconcerting impact on the implementation of fiscal equalization schemes. It invites public choice considerations and highlights the importance of safeguarding interventions in improving the balancing power of fiscal instruments in transition economies.
Venendo da una lunga tradizione di un'economia pianificata, l'Albania sta ancora vivendo un fragile processo di decentramento fiscale. Essendo un'economia in transizione, sotto forti differenze strutturali, le giurisdizioni locali del paese sono ancora finanziariamente molto dipendenti dai trasferimenti intergovernativi. Teorie normative richiedono un uso prudente e rigoroso del sistema dei transferimenti, guidata da principi di equità ed efficienza, al fine di ridurre gli squilibri orizzontali. Questa tesi di ricerca si propone di esplorare in che misura il sistema del transferimenti intergovernativi è guidato da principi normativi di equità e di efficienza o è influenzato da fattori informali. L'approccio empirico consiste nell’utilizo di metodi quantitativi e qualitativi per testare teorie di economia pubblica e discelta pubblica per il caso albanese. Le analisi sono svolte sulla base di dati secondari (nel periodo 2004-2011) e primari (sulla base di interviste fatte a sindaci per il periodo 2011-2013). Il ruolo del governo centrale e di quello locale viene analizzato per valutare le determinanti delle relazioni fiscali intergovernative. Il risultato conferma l'esistenza di un governo centrale opportunistico che utilizza tatticamente i trasferimenti intergovernativi, soprattutto durante gli anni delle elezioni. Il governo centrale fa uso di differenti strategie durante il processo di allocazione del transferimenti condizionati rispetto a quelli incondizionati. Tali comportamenti indeboliscono l’obiettivo di equita ed efficienza dei trasferimenti e compromettono la solidità degli strumenti fiscali. Il ruolo dei politici locali è peculiare, in particolare ad influire su un altro tipo di trasferimento, il Fondo di Sviluppo Regionale (FSR). Al fine di massimizare la probabilità di ottenere fondi di investimento, i sindaci uttilizano i lore pottere di network e le tattiche informali spinti dalla pressione elettorale e da una concorrenza impari e politicamente influenzabile del processo di assegnazione del FSR. La ricerca mette in discussione la grave e trascurata influenza dei fallimenti istituzionali relativi ai regimi di perequazione fiscale. Invita a considerazioni di scelta pubblica, e sottolinea l'importanza di salvaguardare interventi per migliorare la potenza di bilanciamento degli strumenti fiscali in un'economia in transizione.
The determinants of intergovernmental transfers allocation in Albania: looking beyond the principles of normative public economics / Merkaj, Elvina. - (2015 Feb 20).
The determinants of intergovernmental transfers allocation in Albania: looking beyond the principles of normative public economics
MERKAJ, Elvina
2015-02-20
Abstract
Albania has a long legacy of centralized economic planning and is still ensconced in a fragile process of fiscal decentralization. As a transitional economy, characterized by strong structural disparities, the country’s local government units are still financially dependent on intergovernmental transfers. Normative theories call for the prudent and rigorous use of grants systems guided by equity and efficiency principles to reduce horizontal imbalances. This research thesis aims to explore the extent to which the Albanian system of intergovernmental transfers is guided by normative principles of equity and efficiency versus informal factors. The empirical approach involves the application of quantitative and qualitative methods to test both normative public economics and public choice theories, based on unexplored secondary data (panel data for the period 2004 -2011) and primary data (based on a survey of mayors for the period 2011-2013). The role of the central and local governments is analyzed to assess the determinants of intergovernmental fiscal relations. The results confirm the existence of an opportunistic central government that tactically uses intergovernmental transfers, especially during election years. The central government uses differing strategies in the allocation of conditional compared to unconditional grants to enhance its chances of being re-elected. Such behavior weakens the equity and efficiency criteria of the transfers and compromises the solidity of the fiscal instruments. The role of mayors is also noteworthy, especially in influencing another type of grants scheme - the Regional Development Fund. Electoral pressure, combined with an unequal and politically influenced redistribution system, leads local politicians to use their networking power and influence through various channels in order to maximize access to investment funds. The research argues that the neglected and distorted influence of institutional failures have a disconcerting impact on the implementation of fiscal equalization schemes. It invites public choice considerations and highlights the importance of safeguarding interventions in improving the balancing power of fiscal instruments in transition economies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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