The aim of the thesis was to evaluate some techniques of integrated pest management (IPM) against some seedborne fungal diseases of vegetables and grapevine downy mildew (GDM). Pathogenic fungi are located on and/or inside seeds, in most cases without symptoms, thus giving rise to large-scale epidemics. Diagnostic methods are useful tools to assess the presence of these pathogens on seeds, and seed disinfection or decontamination is essential in limiting their spread. The state of the art on the traditional and molecular diagnostic tools, useful to identify the presence of seed-transmissible fungal pathogens in horticultural seeds, and the seed treatments to reduce the inoculum of these pathogens, were reviewed. In two field trials, synthetic and alternative fungicides were tested on seed-bearing onion against downy mildew, whose causal agent is potentially transmissible by seed, and azoxystrobin, characterized by a good ecotoxicological profile, provided the best crop protection. GDM is one of the most serious diseases of grapevine worldwide. After the limitations in the use of copper-based products in organic agriculture imposed by the EU, alternative compounds are increasingly required for grapevine protection. A three-years field trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of several natural compounds, applied as foliar sprays, in reducing GDM symptoms. Chitosan proved to be the more promising compound, providing a good protection, under condition of both low and high disease pressure. Furthermore, it was able to contain the vegetative vigour of grapevines, a key factor to obtain high quality productions. Directive 128/2009 has made mandatory the application of IPM in the EU countries from January 1st, 2014, and aware of the toxic effects of copper on plants, animals and of accumulation in the soil, the use of safer alternatives could help to reduce, and at times replace, the applications of copper and synthetic fungicides.
L'obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di valutare alcune tecniche per la protezione integrata da malattie fungine trasmissibili per seme in specie ortive e della peronospora della vite. I patogeni fungini si trovano sulla superficie e/o all'interno dei semi, in molti casi asintomatici, dando origine a epidemie su vasta scala. I metodi di diagnosi sono strumenti utili per verificare la loro presenza sui semi, e la disinfezione o decontaminazione del seme è fondamentale per prevenire la diffusione del patogeno. Su questi argomenti è stato esposto lo stato dell'arte relativo alle tecniche di diagnosi tradizionale e molecolare utili per individuare la presenza di questi patogeni in semi di specie ortive, e ai diversi tipi di trattamenti dei semi per ridurne l'inoculo. In due prove di campo, fungicidi di sintesi e alternativi sono stati testati su cipolle da seme per contenere la peronospora, il cui agente causale è potenzialmente trasmissibile per seme, e l’azoxystrobin, caratterizzato da un buono profilo ecotossicologico, ha fornito la migliore protezione. La peronospora della vite è una delle più gravi malattie fungine della vite. In seguito alle limitazioni nell'utilizzo di prodotti a base di rame in agricoltura biologica imposti dalla UE, composti alternativi sono sempre più richiesti per la protezione della vite. Una prova di campo di tre anni è stata condotta per verificare l'efficacia di diversi composti naturali nel ridurre i sintomi di peronospora. Il chitosano ha dimostrato di essere il composto più promettente, assicurando una buona protezione della vite, in condizioni di bassa ed elevata pressione della malattia. Inoltre, si è dimostrato capace di limitare il vigore vegetativo delle piante, un fattore chiave per ottenere produzioni di qualità. La Direttiva 128/2009 ha reso obbligatoria l'applicazione della difesa integrata in tutti i paesi UE a partire dal 1 gennaio 2014, e considerando la tossicità del rame verso le piante, gli animali ed il suo accumulo nei terreni, il ricorso ad alternative a basso impatto ambientale può aiutare a ridurre, se non sostituire, l'utilizzo di rame e fungicidi di sintesi.
Integrated management of seedborne fungal diseases of vegetables and grapevine downy mildew / Mancini, Valeria. - (2015 Mar 12).
Integrated management of seedborne fungal diseases of vegetables and grapevine downy mildew
Mancini, Valeria
2015-03-12
Abstract
The aim of the thesis was to evaluate some techniques of integrated pest management (IPM) against some seedborne fungal diseases of vegetables and grapevine downy mildew (GDM). Pathogenic fungi are located on and/or inside seeds, in most cases without symptoms, thus giving rise to large-scale epidemics. Diagnostic methods are useful tools to assess the presence of these pathogens on seeds, and seed disinfection or decontamination is essential in limiting their spread. The state of the art on the traditional and molecular diagnostic tools, useful to identify the presence of seed-transmissible fungal pathogens in horticultural seeds, and the seed treatments to reduce the inoculum of these pathogens, were reviewed. In two field trials, synthetic and alternative fungicides were tested on seed-bearing onion against downy mildew, whose causal agent is potentially transmissible by seed, and azoxystrobin, characterized by a good ecotoxicological profile, provided the best crop protection. GDM is one of the most serious diseases of grapevine worldwide. After the limitations in the use of copper-based products in organic agriculture imposed by the EU, alternative compounds are increasingly required for grapevine protection. A three-years field trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of several natural compounds, applied as foliar sprays, in reducing GDM symptoms. Chitosan proved to be the more promising compound, providing a good protection, under condition of both low and high disease pressure. Furthermore, it was able to contain the vegetative vigour of grapevines, a key factor to obtain high quality productions. Directive 128/2009 has made mandatory the application of IPM in the EU countries from January 1st, 2014, and aware of the toxic effects of copper on plants, animals and of accumulation in the soil, the use of safer alternatives could help to reduce, and at times replace, the applications of copper and synthetic fungicides.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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