In recent years the issue of urban security has assumed an increasing importance, showing a transformation whose features help to define specificity of every city. The growth of offenses, the increased crime rates, the growth of the global economic difficulties, lead up to an increase in demand for social security often addressed to the local government aspects having as its object the daily life. Even though security and police resources are the first to be cut back in the shrinking economy, the present turmoil requires even greater concentration of security and law enforcement assets to keep our property, people, and information safe. Given the situation, the need to implement new procedures based on innovative theories requires a different approach to the problem of urban security. In fact, based on a theory called "CPTED" (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design), an evaluation method capable to estimate crime risk of the urban district in its entirety has been developing. The risk of crime for a building is related to its vulnerability (i.e. presence of security leaks) and the hazard (i.e. crime rate) in the neighbourhood. The method proposed in this study, aims at providing a rational measure for evaluating burglary vulnerability of a building. After a preliminary phase of setting up a qualitative model through existing literature and international experiences, an analysis of burglary data, collected by observing selected building parameters, has made possible a statistical survey. Openings are the basic element of the evaluation. Their characteristics, especially their relation with the surroundings, influence the decision of a burglar in performing a criminal act. However, also features related to the entire property and the neighborhood must be taken into account. Then, a list of basic indicators has been selected through a qualitative evaluation, by gathering each one in three different groups, on the basis of FEMA 452. These groups correspond to: features linked to the neighbourhood (environment around the building), characteristics of the entire property (space adjacent to the building), and area within the building (perimeter of internal areas). Quantitative study proposed has been directed towards the evaluation of the third layer of defense, in which windows represent the weakest part of the building. Logistic regression reveals how some of these indicators have a greater influence than others in the final outcome, by fixing a mathematical relation between opening and its probability to be broken. However, such an analysis represent only a part of the whole assessment method, but needed to weight out specific items. Afterwards, all the buildings collected for the survey have been evaluated through the complete procedure, that is semi-quantitative (qualitative assessment + coefficients from statistical analysis), pointing out a good relation with results. On the whole, this study aims at develop an evaluation method for new and existing houses as well as for new and existing environments, by focusing on assessing buildings vulnerability, referring to their probability to be burgled, and by giving an exact value of such a risk. Firstly, we believe it might be a useful tool to find retrofit solutions: a project manager needs to evaluate existing built environments which point out crime events, in order to design a certain number of actions capable to work out such a problem; yet, a general mapping of the city which highlights the most vulnerable areas, where in all districts, and individual buildings, is assigned a score (risk value), it represents one of the first levels of knowledge of a specific urban environment where resources should be rationally spent to deal with certain problems; moreover, the fact of estimating the probability of a building to be burgled, could be a useful knowledge for insurance companies to define their insurance premium. Finally, you might consider its use in a project phase of designing new urban planning or building project, on all spatial scale levels, in order to highlight weak points and fix them before the execution, and to make risk-based decisions on how to mitigate those risks; then, following British and Dutch examples, to award a certification to all the buildings that possess good crime-prevention features.
Negli ultimi anni la questione della sicurezza urbana ha assunto una crescente importanza, mostrando una trasformazione le cui caratteristiche aiutano a definire la specificità di ogni città. La crescita dei reati, del tasso di criminalità e delle difficoltà economiche a livello globale, portano ad un incremento della domanda di sicurezza da parte dei cittadini, spesso rivolta ai diversi ambiti dell’amministrazione comunale, che hanno come obiettivo la tutela della vita quotidiana. Anche se le risorse spettanti alla sicurezza e alla polizia sono le prime ad essere tagliate in questa economia in continua contrazione, l'attuale turbolenza socio-economica richiede ancora maggiore concentrazione alle attività volte a garantire la sicurezza e l’applicazione della legge per mantenere la nostra proprietà, la popolazione, e le informazioni al sicuro. Data la situazione, la necessità di attuare nuove procedure basate su teorie innovative richiede un approccio diverso al problema della sicurezza urbana. In realtà, sulla base di una teoria chiamata "CPTED" (prevenzione del crimine attraverso la progettazione ambientale), è stato sviluppato un metodo di valutazione in grado di valutare il rischio della criminalità del quartiere urbano nella sua interezza. Il rischio di reato per un edificio è legato alla sua vulnerabilità (ossia presenza di punti deboli) e al pericolo (vale a dire il tasso di criminalità) di quel luogo. Il metodo proposto in questa ricerca mira a dare una valutazione oggettiva della vulnerabilità di effrazione di un edificio. Dopo una fase preliminare di impostazione del modello qualitativo basato sulla letteratura esistente e sulle ricerche svolte a livello internazionale, è stato affrontato uno studio statistico, analizzando dati raccolti tramite rilievi sul campo di pre-determinati parametri. Le aperture rappresentano l’elemento fondamentale di questa valutazione. Le loro caratteristiche, in particolar modo la loro relazione con ciò che sta loro di fronte, influenza la decisione di un potenziale ladro nel commettere o meno l’atto criminale. Tuttavia anche caratteristiche relative all’intera proprietà ed al quartiere devono essere prese in considerazione. Quindi, attraverso l’analisi qualitativa, è stata selezionata una lista di indicatori, divisi, poi, in tre gruppi differenti, sulla base della FEMA 452. Questi gruppi corrispondono a: caratteristiche legate al quartiere (contesto in cui l’edificio sorge), caratteristiche dell’intera proprietà (spazio immediatamente fuori l’edificio), e area all’interno dell’edificio (perimetro degli spazi interni). Lo studio quantitativo proposto è stato indirizzato sulla valutazione della terza linea di difesa, in cui le aperture rappresentano la parte più debole dell’involucro. Il modello di regressione logistica rivela come alcuni di questi indicatori hanno una maggiore influenza di altri nel risultato finale, estrapolando una relazione matematica tra l’apertura e la sua probabilità di essere effratta. Tuttavia, tale analisi rappresenta solo una parte di tutto il metodo di valutazione, ma necessaria per soppesare determinate voci. Di seguito, tutti gli edifici rilevati nell’indagine sono stati valutati con la procedura completa, cioè semi-quantitativa (valutazione qualitativa + coefficienti risultanti dall’analisi statistica), mostrando una buona relazione tra i risultati. Complessivamente, il lavoro mira a sviluppare un metodo di valutazione applicabile ad edifici nuovi ed esistenti, e spazi urbani, sia nuovi che esistenti, focalizzandosi maggiormente sulla valutazione della vulnerabilità degli edifici, intesa come probabilità che gli stessi possano essere svaligiati, e fornendo un valore esatto di tale rischio. In primo luogo, crediamo che questo possa essere un valido strumento per trovare soluzioni di riqualificazione, sia a livello urbano che edilizio: un project manager ha la necessità di valutare gli spazi esistenti se essi presentano problemi di criminalità, così da pianificare un certo numero di azioni in grado di risolverli; poi, una mappatura generale della città che evidenzi le aree più vulnerabili, in cui a tutti i quartieri, e ai singoli edifici, viene assegnato un punteggio (valore di rischio), rappresenta il primo livello di conoscenza di un determinato contesto urbanistico su cui delle risorse dovranno essere razionalmente spese per far fronte a determinati problemi; inoltre, il fatto di stimare la probabilità di un edificio a subire un’effrazione, potrebbe essere una utile conoscenza da parte delle compagnie assicurative nella definizione del loro premio. Infine, se ne può prevedere l’utilizzo durante la fase di progettazione di un nuovo piano urbanistico od edilizio, a tutti i livelli, al fine di evidenziarne i punti deboli e risolverli prima dell’esecuzione del progetto, prendendo decisioni su come mitigare tali rischi; poi, seguendo gli esempi di Gran Bretagna e Olanda, per assegnare una sorta di certificazione di qualità agli edifici che possiedono buone caratteristiche di prevenzione.
Burglary risk assessment of buildings: a semi-quantitative method / Agarbati, Giorgio. - (2015 Mar 20).
Burglary risk assessment of buildings: a semi-quantitative method
Agarbati, Giorgio
2015-03-20
Abstract
In recent years the issue of urban security has assumed an increasing importance, showing a transformation whose features help to define specificity of every city. The growth of offenses, the increased crime rates, the growth of the global economic difficulties, lead up to an increase in demand for social security often addressed to the local government aspects having as its object the daily life. Even though security and police resources are the first to be cut back in the shrinking economy, the present turmoil requires even greater concentration of security and law enforcement assets to keep our property, people, and information safe. Given the situation, the need to implement new procedures based on innovative theories requires a different approach to the problem of urban security. In fact, based on a theory called "CPTED" (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design), an evaluation method capable to estimate crime risk of the urban district in its entirety has been developing. The risk of crime for a building is related to its vulnerability (i.e. presence of security leaks) and the hazard (i.e. crime rate) in the neighbourhood. The method proposed in this study, aims at providing a rational measure for evaluating burglary vulnerability of a building. After a preliminary phase of setting up a qualitative model through existing literature and international experiences, an analysis of burglary data, collected by observing selected building parameters, has made possible a statistical survey. Openings are the basic element of the evaluation. Their characteristics, especially their relation with the surroundings, influence the decision of a burglar in performing a criminal act. However, also features related to the entire property and the neighborhood must be taken into account. Then, a list of basic indicators has been selected through a qualitative evaluation, by gathering each one in three different groups, on the basis of FEMA 452. These groups correspond to: features linked to the neighbourhood (environment around the building), characteristics of the entire property (space adjacent to the building), and area within the building (perimeter of internal areas). Quantitative study proposed has been directed towards the evaluation of the third layer of defense, in which windows represent the weakest part of the building. Logistic regression reveals how some of these indicators have a greater influence than others in the final outcome, by fixing a mathematical relation between opening and its probability to be broken. However, such an analysis represent only a part of the whole assessment method, but needed to weight out specific items. Afterwards, all the buildings collected for the survey have been evaluated through the complete procedure, that is semi-quantitative (qualitative assessment + coefficients from statistical analysis), pointing out a good relation with results. On the whole, this study aims at develop an evaluation method for new and existing houses as well as for new and existing environments, by focusing on assessing buildings vulnerability, referring to their probability to be burgled, and by giving an exact value of such a risk. Firstly, we believe it might be a useful tool to find retrofit solutions: a project manager needs to evaluate existing built environments which point out crime events, in order to design a certain number of actions capable to work out such a problem; yet, a general mapping of the city which highlights the most vulnerable areas, where in all districts, and individual buildings, is assigned a score (risk value), it represents one of the first levels of knowledge of a specific urban environment where resources should be rationally spent to deal with certain problems; moreover, the fact of estimating the probability of a building to be burgled, could be a useful knowledge for insurance companies to define their insurance premium. Finally, you might consider its use in a project phase of designing new urban planning or building project, on all spatial scale levels, in order to highlight weak points and fix them before the execution, and to make risk-based decisions on how to mitigate those risks; then, following British and Dutch examples, to award a certification to all the buildings that possess good crime-prevention features.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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