The Deep Seas comprise more than 95% of the global Biosphere. The deep portion of the oceans is still largely unknown and its discovery is considered one of the last scientific challenges. Here the environmental conditions are extreme, as the deep sea is dark, typically cold and characterized by organic nutrient limitation and high pressures. The present work provides novel insights into the factors controlling the functioning of deep-sea benthic ecosystems at global scale. Deep-sea sediment samples were collected using the most sophisticated technologies available, across a wide range of oceanic regions and depths (depth range from 1000 down to ca. 10000 m). A new molecular method was developed and allowed investigating for the first time the selectivity of viral infection on different groups of microbial hosts. We report here that viruses preferentially infected and killed Archaea rather than Bacteria in deep-sea ecosystems worldwide. Archaea have been assumed for a long time to play a limited role in global biogeochemical cycles. However results reported here indicate that Archaea provide an important contribution to the global carbon and nitrogen cycling in the deep ocean interior. Among the deep-sea ecosystems investigated in the present study, hadal trenches were characterized by peculiar conditions, highly different from the surrounding abyssal plain. Indeed, they acted as bioreactors of microbial activity, with enhanced virus-host interactions significantly influencing benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Overall, the results of this investigation disclose new and unexpected mechanisms controlling microbial dynamics in the deep-sea ecosystems, which can have major impact on the current view of the functioning of the global oceans. Moreover, the novel molecular technique proposed here, specifically developed for discriminating the viral infections on different biological targets, has the potential to open new research perspectives in the investigation of the specific interactions between viruses and their hosts in a wide range of habitats and ecosystems, and not only in environmental studies.
I mari profondi comprendono oltre il 95 % della biosfera globale. La scoperta della porzione profonda degli oceani è ancora agli esordi, ed è considerata una delle attuali sfide scientifiche. Gli ambienti profondi sono considrati estremi, in quanto oscuri, tipicamente freddi e caratterizzati da elevate pressioni e forte scarsità di risorse trofiche. Il presente studio fornisce nuove informazioni sui fattori che controllano il funzionamento degli ecosistemi bentonici dei mari profondi a scala globale. I sedimenti oggetto di studio sono stati raccolti usando le più sofisticate tecnologie attualmente disponibili, coprendo un vasto range di aree e profondità oceaniche (range di profondità, 1000 - 10000 m). Un nuovo metodo molecolare è stato sviluppato ed ha permesso di quantificare per la prima volta l'impatto dei virus su diversi gruppi microbici. Nei sedimenti di mare profondo, a scala globale, i virus sono risultati infettare e uccidere preferenzialmente gli archaea, piuttosto che i batteri. Per lungo tempo si è ritenuto che gli archaea svolgessero un ruolo limitato nei cicli biogeochimici globali. Tuttavia, i risultati da noi ottenuti dimostrano che gli Archaea nelle profondità oceaniche contribuiscono notevolmente ai cicli biogeochimici globali di carbonio e azoto. Tra gli ecosistemi di mare profondo analizzati, le fosse oceaniche di profondità estreme hanno presentato caratteristiche peculiari, marcatamente differenti dalle circostanti piane abissali. Infatti, queste aree sono risultate agire come bioreattori di attività microbica, con accelerazione delle interazioni virus-ospite in grado di influenze la biodiversità e funzionamento degli ecosistemi bentonici adali. Nel complesso, i risultati discussi in questo lavoro rivelano nuovi ed inaspettati meccanismi di controllo delle dinamiche microbiche negli ecosistemi di mare profondo, che possono avere grande impatto sulla attuale concezione del funzionamento degli oceani. Inoltre, l’innovativa tecnica molecolare qui proposta, sviluppata specificamente per discriminare le infezioni virali su diversi target biologici, ha la possibilità di aprire nuovi filoni di ricerca nelle indagini sulle interazioni specifiche virus-ospite in diversi ecosistemi e in tutti i settori, non solo in campo ambientale.
Interactions between Viruses, Bacteria and Archaea in extreme marine environments / Rastelli, Eugenio. - (2014 Feb 25).
Interactions between Viruses, Bacteria and Archaea in extreme marine environments
Rastelli, Eugenio
2014-02-25
Abstract
The Deep Seas comprise more than 95% of the global Biosphere. The deep portion of the oceans is still largely unknown and its discovery is considered one of the last scientific challenges. Here the environmental conditions are extreme, as the deep sea is dark, typically cold and characterized by organic nutrient limitation and high pressures. The present work provides novel insights into the factors controlling the functioning of deep-sea benthic ecosystems at global scale. Deep-sea sediment samples were collected using the most sophisticated technologies available, across a wide range of oceanic regions and depths (depth range from 1000 down to ca. 10000 m). A new molecular method was developed and allowed investigating for the first time the selectivity of viral infection on different groups of microbial hosts. We report here that viruses preferentially infected and killed Archaea rather than Bacteria in deep-sea ecosystems worldwide. Archaea have been assumed for a long time to play a limited role in global biogeochemical cycles. However results reported here indicate that Archaea provide an important contribution to the global carbon and nitrogen cycling in the deep ocean interior. Among the deep-sea ecosystems investigated in the present study, hadal trenches were characterized by peculiar conditions, highly different from the surrounding abyssal plain. Indeed, they acted as bioreactors of microbial activity, with enhanced virus-host interactions significantly influencing benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Overall, the results of this investigation disclose new and unexpected mechanisms controlling microbial dynamics in the deep-sea ecosystems, which can have major impact on the current view of the functioning of the global oceans. Moreover, the novel molecular technique proposed here, specifically developed for discriminating the viral infections on different biological targets, has the potential to open new research perspectives in the investigation of the specific interactions between viruses and their hosts in a wide range of habitats and ecosystems, and not only in environmental studies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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