Over the past 30 years, many developing countries have entered the world markets by taking part in international trade. The prevailing assumption was that lowering barriers to trade would lead to higher levels of economic growth and social development. Micro-level based research however shows that income and social inequality as well as exclusion have increased even in countries that experienced remarkable growth in trade flows; moreover, if and how international trade can be accounted for the extraordinary progress made in reducing poverty levels in the last decade continues to be an open question. The dissertation contributes in different ways to the existing micro-level literature aimed at investigating the linkages between international trade, poverty and inequality in developing countries. In particular, the second chapter looks at identifying if and how inter- national trade has an adverse effect on female workers through their wages. Matching individual level data for Peru with occupational level data on abili- ties collected from the O*NET database, the second chapter also adds to the discussion a task level understanding of occupations. The results suggests that wages of women employed in relative interactive intensive occupations are positively associated with trade openness, and this association holds for different levels of skills. The third chapter looks at dissecting the distributional impact of pref- erential and multilateral trade liberalization on household well-being using individual level data for Paraguay. For this purpose, the intrazone and applied MFN tariff pass through rate on the price of traded goods are es- timated, and the impacts of trade induced price changes on households as consumers and as income earners are calculated. The results indicate that trade liberalization has benefited households along the entire income distri- bution and, most importantly, show that these benefits differ according to the type of liberalisation policies implemented.
Negli ultimi 30 anni, un gran numero di paesi in via di sviluppo ha cominci- ato ad essere maggiormente coinvolto nel commercio internazionale. L’ipotesi era che la riduzione delle barriere al commercio avrebbe innalzato i livelli di crescita economica e sviluppo sociale. Tuttavia, l’evidenza a livello microe- conomico mostra l’aumento delle disuguaglianze economiche e sociali anche in quei paesi nei quali i flussi di commercio sono aumentati. Inoltre, non `e ancora chiaro il ruolo che il commercio internazionale ha avuto nella drastica diminuzione della povert`a osservata negli ultimi decenni. La tesi contribuisce in vario modo alla letteratura microeconomica che si prefigge di studiare il rapporto tra commercio internazionale, povert`a e disuguaglianza nei paesi in via di sviluppo. In particolare, il secondo capitolo si concentra sulla determinazione dell’ impatto che il commercio internazionale potrebbe avere sui salari delle donne. Attraverso la costruzione di una tavola di corrispondenza tra dati a livello individuale per il Per`u e dati a livello occupazionale su abilit`a raccolti dalla banca dati O*NET, il secondo capitolo aggiunge al dibattito una compren- sione delle occupazioni in termini di mansioni svolte da un lavoratore. I risultati suggeriscono che i salari delle donne impiegate in occupazioni che richiedono un livello relativo di mansioni interattive pi`u elevato sono posi- tivamente associati con una maggiore apertura al commercio internazionale e questa associazione permane nei diversi livelli di qualifica. Nel terzo capitolo si prendono in esame le differenze tra l’impatto dis- tributivo derivante dalla liberalizzazione preferenziale e multilaterale sul be- nessere delle famiglie utilizzando dati a livello individuale per il Paraguay. A questo scopo, sono stimati i tassi di pass-through intra-MERCOSUR e MFN oltre che l’impatto delle variazioni di prezzo derivanti dalle politiche com- merciali sulle famiglie nel loro ruolo di consumatori e lavoratori salariati. I risultati indicano che dal processo di liberalizzazione intrapreso dal Paraguay ne hanno beneficiato le famiglie lungo tutta la distribuzione del reddito e soprattutto, mostrano che questi benefici differiscono a secondo del tipo di liberalizzazione commerciale intrapresa.
Essays on international trade, poverty and inequality / Casabianca, ELIZABETH JANE. - (2014 Mar 13).
Essays on international trade, poverty and inequality
CASABIANCA, ELIZABETH JANE
2014-03-13
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, many developing countries have entered the world markets by taking part in international trade. The prevailing assumption was that lowering barriers to trade would lead to higher levels of economic growth and social development. Micro-level based research however shows that income and social inequality as well as exclusion have increased even in countries that experienced remarkable growth in trade flows; moreover, if and how international trade can be accounted for the extraordinary progress made in reducing poverty levels in the last decade continues to be an open question. The dissertation contributes in different ways to the existing micro-level literature aimed at investigating the linkages between international trade, poverty and inequality in developing countries. In particular, the second chapter looks at identifying if and how inter- national trade has an adverse effect on female workers through their wages. Matching individual level data for Peru with occupational level data on abili- ties collected from the O*NET database, the second chapter also adds to the discussion a task level understanding of occupations. The results suggests that wages of women employed in relative interactive intensive occupations are positively associated with trade openness, and this association holds for different levels of skills. The third chapter looks at dissecting the distributional impact of pref- erential and multilateral trade liberalization on household well-being using individual level data for Paraguay. For this purpose, the intrazone and applied MFN tariff pass through rate on the price of traded goods are es- timated, and the impacts of trade induced price changes on households as consumers and as income earners are calculated. The results indicate that trade liberalization has benefited households along the entire income distri- bution and, most importantly, show that these benefits differ according to the type of liberalisation policies implemented.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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