In recent years a growing interest by the public towards the cultural heritage was observed. The scientific community has done its utmost to provide tools, techniques and procedures that aim to safeguard the inestimable value of the arts. In the field of building engineering, the research was to develop a series of completely non-invasive instruments that can assess the state of conservation of the architectural works, it is called NDTs: Non Destructive Testing. The importance of complete non-invasiveness of these techniques is due to the huge value of the samples to observe and evaluate. This thesis presented below is a summary of the work done in the three-year course at the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Marche and has had as a central point a close collaboration with the Department of Mechanics of the same University. Have been tested mainly two diagnostic techniques: the laser vibrometry and ultrasounds; it have been developed strategies and innovative procedures ad hoc in order to refine an effective and non-invasive method for the investigation of the state of conservation of reeds and gypsum, also known as "camorcanna vaults". The interest in the construction system, typical of the Marche region, often made of reed and plaster, does not depend exclusively on the will to study and preserve the system itself, rather it is essential to highlight the need to preserve the works of great historical and artistic value that, very often, these kind of vaults passed down to the present day. The camorcanna vaults, in fact, have often been used to cover horizontal naves of churches, theaters and rooms of palaces; which intrados are very often, decorated with frescoes or stuccoes of inestimable artistic value. The conservation of camorcanna vaults is, therefore, closely linked to the strong need to safeguard the precious intradoses. The aim of the research was to develop a series of diagnostic techniques suitable to the surfaces to be scanned and able to accurately investigate a construction system very heterogeneous as that of the camorcanna vaults. Some sample were made, in each of which one or more defects were present and in particular the interest has been addressed to the presence of gaps between the materials and to the imperfect connection between the elements. In particular it is defined a ultrasonic hybrid technique that uses both a contact probe from the side of the plaster and a probe coupled in air from the side of the reeds. The experimentation has confirmed the feasibility and efficacy of the test to identify the gaps between the various materials.The vibrometry was, instead, used primarily to verify the presence of structural gaps between the centers and the mat of reeds. Preliminary analysis were carried out through the implementation of a finite element numerical model which has identified the general behavior of the structural system in the case of detachments. The numerical model has then been used to verify the experimental results obtained. In particular, the model has provided the opportunity to identify these defects, in fact it clearly showed that the defective part has its own vibration mode independent of the structure in its entirety. Many kinds of excitement have been tested: the speaker, the manual instrumented hammer swing the wooden structure, the instrumented hammer connected to an automatic shaker swing on various points of vault extrados and intrados, the piezoelectric transducer placed on the vault extrados. Not all techniques of excitation have proved effective. Exciting adequately the structure it was possible to confirm what the numerical model had suggested: at some frequencies, different from those of the whole structure, can be observed a set of vibration modes that involve only the defective part and which can be identified as modes of the defect perfectly identifiable than the rest.
Negli ultimi anni è stato osservato un crescente interesse da parte dell’opinione pubblica verso la conservazione di opere di alto valore storico, artistico e culturale. La comunità scientifica si è prodigata a fornire strumenti, tecniche e procedure in grado di perseguire l’obiettivo di salvaguardare l’inestimabile valore dei beni artistici. Nel campo dell’ingegneria edile, la strada intrapresa è stata quella di mettere a punto una serie di strumenti completamente non invasivi in grado di valutare lo stato di conservazione delle opere architettoniche, si parla di NDTs: Non Destructive Testings, controlli non distruttivi. L’importanza della completa non invasività di tali tecniche è dovuta all’enorme pregio dei campioni da osservare e valutare. La tesi che viene presentata di seguito è la sintesi del lavoro svolto nei tre anni di Dottorato presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Architettura dell’Università Politecnica delle Marche e che ha visto come punto centrale una stretta collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Meccanica della stessa Università. Sono state testate principalmente due tecniche diagnostiche: la vibrometria laser e gli ultrasuoni; sono state messe a punto strategie e procedure innovative e d’avanguardia ad hoc allo scopo di perfezionare un metodo efficace e non invasivo per le indagini sullo stato di conservazione delle volte leggere in canna e gesso, dette anche “volte in camorcanna” . L’interesse verso il sistema costruttivo, caratteristico del territorio marchigiano, delle volte in canna e gesso non dipende esclusivamente dalla volontà di studiare e conservare il sistema in sé, piuttosto è indispensabile porre l’accento sulla necessità di conservare le opere d’altissimo valore storico e artistico che tali volte, molto spesso, tramandano fino ai nostri giorni. Le volte in camorcanna, infatti, sono spesso state usate per la copertura orizzontale di navate di chiese, sale teatrali e stanze di palazzi nobiliari; all’intradosso delle quali si osservano con grande frequenza superfici affrescate o stuccate di inestimabile pregio artistico. La conservazione delle volte in camorcanna è, quindi, strettamente legata alla forte necessità di salvaguardare gli intradossi di pregio. Lo scopo della ricerca è stato quello di mettere a punto una serie di tecniche diagnostiche adatte alle superfici da scansionare e capaci di indagare con precisione un sistema costruttivo così eterogeneo come quello delle volte in camorcanna. Sono quindi stati realizzati alcuni campioni, in ognuno dei quali erano presenti uno o più difetti ed in particolare l’interesse è stato rivolto alla presenza di discontinuità tra i materiali e alla non perfetta connessione tra gli elementi. In particolare si è definita una tecnica ad ultrasuoni ibrida che utilizza contemporaneamente una sonda a contatto dal lato dell’intonaco e una sonda accoppiata in aria dal lato delle canne. La sperimentazione ha confermato la fattibilità e l’efficacia della prova nell’individuare i distacchi tra i vari materiali. La vibrometria è stata, invece, utilizzata principalmente per verificare la presenza di distacchi strutturali tra le centine e lo stuoiato. Analisi preliminari sono state effettuate tramite la realizzazione di un modello numerico agli elementi finiti attraverso il quale è stato individuato il comportamento generale del sistema costruttivo in caso di distacco presente. Il modello numerico è poi stato utilizzato per verificare numericamente i risultati ottenuti. In particolare il modello ha garantito la possibilità di individuare questi difetti in quanto ha mostrato con chiarezza che la parte difettata ha un proprio modo di vibrare indipendente dalla struttura nella sua completezza. Sono stati testati numerosi tipi di eccitazione: l’altoparlante, il martello strumentato manuale battente sulle centine; il martello strumentato collegato ad uno shaker automatico battente su vari punti della volta all’estradosso e all’intradosso, il trasduttore piezoelettrico posto all’estradosso della volta. Non tutte le tecniche di eccitazione si sono dimostrate efficaci. Eccitando in modo adeguato la struttura è stato, però, possibile confermare quanto il modello numerico aveva suggerito: ad alcune frequenze, diverse da quelle proprie della struttura, si manifestano tutta una serie di modi di vibrare che coinvolgono solo la parte difettata e che possono essere individuati come modi propri del difetto perfettamente identificabili rispetto al resto.
L'uso cominato di NDTs innovativi per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione di affreschi, stucchi e intonaci su volte sottili leggere / Seri, Elena. - (2013 Feb 28).
L'uso cominato di NDTs innovativi per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione di affreschi, stucchi e intonaci su volte sottili leggere
Seri, Elena
2013-02-28
Abstract
In recent years a growing interest by the public towards the cultural heritage was observed. The scientific community has done its utmost to provide tools, techniques and procedures that aim to safeguard the inestimable value of the arts. In the field of building engineering, the research was to develop a series of completely non-invasive instruments that can assess the state of conservation of the architectural works, it is called NDTs: Non Destructive Testing. The importance of complete non-invasiveness of these techniques is due to the huge value of the samples to observe and evaluate. This thesis presented below is a summary of the work done in the three-year course at the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Marche and has had as a central point a close collaboration with the Department of Mechanics of the same University. Have been tested mainly two diagnostic techniques: the laser vibrometry and ultrasounds; it have been developed strategies and innovative procedures ad hoc in order to refine an effective and non-invasive method for the investigation of the state of conservation of reeds and gypsum, also known as "camorcanna vaults". The interest in the construction system, typical of the Marche region, often made of reed and plaster, does not depend exclusively on the will to study and preserve the system itself, rather it is essential to highlight the need to preserve the works of great historical and artistic value that, very often, these kind of vaults passed down to the present day. The camorcanna vaults, in fact, have often been used to cover horizontal naves of churches, theaters and rooms of palaces; which intrados are very often, decorated with frescoes or stuccoes of inestimable artistic value. The conservation of camorcanna vaults is, therefore, closely linked to the strong need to safeguard the precious intradoses. The aim of the research was to develop a series of diagnostic techniques suitable to the surfaces to be scanned and able to accurately investigate a construction system very heterogeneous as that of the camorcanna vaults. Some sample were made, in each of which one or more defects were present and in particular the interest has been addressed to the presence of gaps between the materials and to the imperfect connection between the elements. In particular it is defined a ultrasonic hybrid technique that uses both a contact probe from the side of the plaster and a probe coupled in air from the side of the reeds. The experimentation has confirmed the feasibility and efficacy of the test to identify the gaps between the various materials.The vibrometry was, instead, used primarily to verify the presence of structural gaps between the centers and the mat of reeds. Preliminary analysis were carried out through the implementation of a finite element numerical model which has identified the general behavior of the structural system in the case of detachments. The numerical model has then been used to verify the experimental results obtained. In particular, the model has provided the opportunity to identify these defects, in fact it clearly showed that the defective part has its own vibration mode independent of the structure in its entirety. Many kinds of excitement have been tested: the speaker, the manual instrumented hammer swing the wooden structure, the instrumented hammer connected to an automatic shaker swing on various points of vault extrados and intrados, the piezoelectric transducer placed on the vault extrados. Not all techniques of excitation have proved effective. Exciting adequately the structure it was possible to confirm what the numerical model had suggested: at some frequencies, different from those of the whole structure, can be observed a set of vibration modes that involve only the defective part and which can be identified as modes of the defect perfectly identifiable than the rest.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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