The overall aim of the study was to investigate the relationship(s) between macrofauna diversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) in the deep Mediterranean sea at different spatial scales: small scales (100s of meters to kilometres), a larger spatial scale (100s of kilometres) and at a macroscale (1000s of kilometres) and in relation to major chemical-physical and trophic variables. In order to accomplish this objective, I tested the following hypotheses: 1. the deep-sea macrofauna diversity and ecosystem functioning are significantly related; 2. shape and strength of the BEF relationships vary across spatial scales of observation and environmental settings. The study has been conducted with a dual approach, first understanding the macrofaunal biodiversity patterns changing spatial scales of investigation and comprising different environmental features and than testing the presence and the nature of a relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning. On a macro-scale (1000s kilometres), it has been detected a major longitudinal decrease in macrofaunal standing stock and species richness moving eastward along the Mediterranean Sea. The influence of depth on macrobenthic assemblages variability was weaker than the longitude. Clear dissimilarities emerged in species composition not only between basins (Westerns vs Eastern) and among stations at different depth, but also among sites within the same basin and among stations at the same depth but at different longitude. Beside longitude and water depth, also the availability of food and, secondarily, the sedimentary features had some influence on macrofauna standing stock and biodiversity patterns in the deep Mediterranean Sea. At a smaller (from 100s of meters up to kilometres) spatial scale along the Sardinia slope, the macrobenthic stock displayed major changes across water depths, rather than between stations at the same depth. The macrofauna species composition (i.e. turnover diversity) largely varied along the one-kilometre spatial scale and with increasing water depth, even if below 1500m depth communities were more homogeneous both across and along depths. At a larger (100s kilometres) spatial scale, the comparison of two different continental slopes (Balearic and Sardinian slopes) revealed that macrofaunal standing stock, alpha and turnover diversity varied significantly between the two slopes. Overall, higher values of macrofaunal abundance, biomass and alpha diversity characterized the Sardinia slope compared to the Balearic slope. Along both slope systems the turnover diversity in macrobenthic species composition significantly differed between stations at different depth up to 1800 m. Below that depth, that is among stations at 1800m and 2400m water depth, the macrofaunal species composition appeared to be homogenous. Previous studies on a quasi-global scale observed the presence of a positively exponential biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship linking nematodes biodiversity and various deep-sea ecosystem functioning and efficiency proxies, which would mean a prevalence of mutualistic interactions in deep-sea communities. The presence of a positive and significant relationship between the deep-sea macrofaunal biodiversity inhabiting the deep Mediterranean Sea and different measures of ecosystem functioning was observed here, at the largest spatial scale of investigation. The biodiversity was positively linked also to ecosystem efficiency and functional diversity, underlying that high diversified macrofaunal communities may carry on efficiently different functions of the deep-sea ecosystem and sustain the presence of a higher number of functional traits, that in turn can enhance higher levels of ecosystem efficiency. On a macroscale it’s possible to think to the presence of mutualistic interactions also for the deep-sea macro-fauna. When the BEF relationship was assessed at a smaller spatial scale (Sardinia slope), almost all the relationships detected during a first analysis, appeared not significant if the effect of environmental characteristics was statistically discarded. The co-variation of environmental factors at a local scale may overwhelm the specific effect of diversity and thus drive or make idiosyncratic the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning. Considering a spatial scale of 100s of kilometers and comprising both slope systems, positive and causal BEF relationships emerged. When the two investigated slope areas were considered separately and the effect of environmental features was discarded, opposite results have been reported. Along the Balearic slope, the relationships remained significant, leading to think to a causal nature of the relations between the macrofauna biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Along the Sardinia slope any BEF relationship subsisted, being overwhelmed by the environmental factors considered. That is that the larger the spatial scale considered, the higher the frequency of positive and highly significant BEF relationships. I can conclude that the shape, but in particular the strength, of the BEF relationships varied across different spatial scales of observation and environmental settings. When different spatial scales and environments (i.e. slope systems) were considered, different macrobenthic communities with disparate functional traits were involved each time. It may be possible that the different functional traits included and/or excluded at different spatial scales might have a certain influence in driving the relationships between biodiversity and functions of an ecosystem. Results emerged from the present study indicate that overall positive species interactions characterized the deep macrobenthic component inhabiting the Mediterranean basin. Nevertheless, these interactions and the enhancement of functions of the ecosystem may be highly sensitive to the spatial scale and system considered.
L’obiettivo principale della mia tesi di dottorato è stato quello di investigare le relazioni tra la biodiversità della macrofauna profonda del Mar Mediterraneo ed il funzionamento eco sistemico (BEF). Tale studio è stato svolto considerando differenti scale spaziali d’indagine, i) da centinaia di metri a diversi chilometri; ii) centinaia di chilometri e iii) migliaia di chilometri, e comprendendo sistemi di scarpata continentale con caratteristiche ambientali differenti. Sono state testate le seguenti ipotesi: 1) vi è una relazione significativa tra la biodiversità della macrofauna profonda ed il funzionamento eco sistemico; 2) la forma e l’intensità di tale relazione cambia al variare della scala spaziale considerata e dal sistema investigato. Lo studio è stato condotto con un duplice approccio, da prima investigando la variabilità della macrofauna a differenti scale spaziali e poi testando la presenza delle relazioni tra biodiversità e funzionamento eco sistemico. Su larga scala spaziale (i.e. migliaia di chilometri; intero bacino del Mediterraneo) abbondanza, biomassa e ricchezza in specie del macrobenthos mostravano una maggiore variabilità con la longitudine rispetto alla profondità, con valori inferiori caratterizzanti i sedimenti del Mediterraneo orientale profondo. Differenze significative nella composizione in specie (turnover diversità) erano emerse non solo tra bacini, ma anche tra siti all’interno dello stesso bacino e tra stazioni a differenti profondità. La disponibilità alimentare e le differenti caratteristiche granulometriche dei sedimenti influenzavano la variabilità della macrofauna sia in termini di abbondanza e biomassa che di composizione in specie. Su scala spaziale minore (i.e. da centinaia di metri fino a diversi chilometri; singola area di scarpata), la macrofauna mostrava maggiore variabilità in termini di abbondanza e biomassa con l’aumentare della profondità piuttosto che tra stazioni collocate alla medesima profondità e distanti tra loro diverse centinaia di metri. Considerando però la composizione in specie (turnover diversità), differenze emergevano anche tra stazioni alla medesima profondità fino a 1500 metri. Al di sotto di tale profondità le comunità divenivano omogenee. Considerando una scala spaziale di diverse centinaia di chilometri (i.e. confronto tra due sistemi di scarpata nel Mediterraneo occidentale), differenze significative tra le due aree di scarpata emergevano non solo intermini di abbondanza e biomassa, ma anche in termini di ricchezza e composizione in specie della macrofauna. Lungo entrambi i sistemi di scarpata, la composizione in specie variava con la profondità fino a 1800 metri, al di sotto dei quali le comunità divenivano omogenee. Studi precedenti su scala globale hanno evidenziato una relazione esponenziale e positiva tra la biodiversità dei nematodi profondi ed il funzionamento ed efficienza eco sistemici, facendo ipotizzare una presenza di relazioni mutualistiche tra organismi che compongono le comunità bentoniche profonde. Anche in questo studio sono emerse relazioni prevalentemente esponenziali e positive tra la biodiversità della macrofauna del Mediterraneo ed il funzionamento ed efficienza eco sistemici su macroscala (migliaia di kilometri). La biodiversità era inoltre legata positivamente anche alla diversità funzionale. Tali risultati mostrano come comunità macrobentoniche maggiormente diversificate possano sostenere non solo livelli di funzionamento ed efficienza eco sistemici più elevati, ma anche una diversità funzionale maggiore in grado di promuovere anch’essa un miglior funzionamento dell’ecosistema. Su larga scala spaziale è possibile quindi ipotizzare la presenza di relazioni mutualistiche tra le comunità macrobentoniche del Mediterraneo profondo. Quando le relazioni BEF venivano testate considerando una scala spaziale minore (singola area di scarpata a nord della Sardegna; da centinaia di metri fino a diversi chilometri), la maggior parte delle relazioni emerse su macroscala non risultavano più significative. Piuttosto erano il risultato dell’azione esercitata dalle variabili ambientali, le quali guidavano l’effetto della diversità sul funzionamento eco sistemico. Considerando una scala spaziale di diverse centinaia di chilometri (due sistemi di scarpata nel bacino occidentale), emergevano di nuovo relazioni esponenziali positive tra biodiversità e funzionamento ed efficienza eco sistemici. Ma quando le relazioni BEF venivano testate considerando i due sistemi di scarpata separatamente, differenti erano le risposte. Mentre lungo la scarpata a largo delle Baleari persistevano relazioni BEF significative, anche considerando diversi indicatori di funzionamento ed efficienza eco sistemici, lungo la scarpata Sarda le relazioni erano nuovamente guidate dall’effetto delle variabili ambientali. Le relazioni BEF lungo quest’ultima non erano per cui causali. Ciò ha portato a pensare che maggiore la scala spaziale considerata, maggiore la possibilità di trovare relazioni BEF significative. È possibile pertanto concludere che la forma, ma soprattutto l’intensità (= la significatività) delle relazioni BEF variano al variare della scala spaziale considerata e delle condizioni ambientali, almeno per quanto riguarda la componente macrobentonica profonda del Mediterraneo. Quando differenti scale spaziali e sistemi (es. aree di scarpata) vengono investigati, differenti sono le comunità bentoniche coinvolte così come i tratti funzionali da esse rappresentati. È perciò logico ipotizzare che differenti tratti funzionali inclusi e/o esclusi ogni qual volta vengano considerate differenti scale spaziali e sistemi possano influenzare il risultato delle relazioni BEF testate. I risultati emersi da tale studio mostrano come in generale la biodiversità della macrofauna profonda possa influenzare positivamente il funzionamento eco sistemico, lasciando quindi presupporre la presenza di relazioni mutualistiche tra le componenti delle comunità macrobentoniche. Tuttavia tali interazioni, cosi come l’effetto della biodiversità sul funzionamento eco sistemico, sono altamente sensibili alla scale spaziale considerata ogni volta e quindi al sistema studiato (es. area di scarpata; bacino).
Macrofauna biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the deep-sea. Mediterranean sediments: analysis at different spatial scales / Baldrighi, Elisa. - (2013 Jan 25).
Macrofauna biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the deep-sea. Mediterranean sediments: analysis at different spatial scales
BALDRIGHI, ELISA
2013-01-25
Abstract
The overall aim of the study was to investigate the relationship(s) between macrofauna diversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) in the deep Mediterranean sea at different spatial scales: small scales (100s of meters to kilometres), a larger spatial scale (100s of kilometres) and at a macroscale (1000s of kilometres) and in relation to major chemical-physical and trophic variables. In order to accomplish this objective, I tested the following hypotheses: 1. the deep-sea macrofauna diversity and ecosystem functioning are significantly related; 2. shape and strength of the BEF relationships vary across spatial scales of observation and environmental settings. The study has been conducted with a dual approach, first understanding the macrofaunal biodiversity patterns changing spatial scales of investigation and comprising different environmental features and than testing the presence and the nature of a relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning. On a macro-scale (1000s kilometres), it has been detected a major longitudinal decrease in macrofaunal standing stock and species richness moving eastward along the Mediterranean Sea. The influence of depth on macrobenthic assemblages variability was weaker than the longitude. Clear dissimilarities emerged in species composition not only between basins (Westerns vs Eastern) and among stations at different depth, but also among sites within the same basin and among stations at the same depth but at different longitude. Beside longitude and water depth, also the availability of food and, secondarily, the sedimentary features had some influence on macrofauna standing stock and biodiversity patterns in the deep Mediterranean Sea. At a smaller (from 100s of meters up to kilometres) spatial scale along the Sardinia slope, the macrobenthic stock displayed major changes across water depths, rather than between stations at the same depth. The macrofauna species composition (i.e. turnover diversity) largely varied along the one-kilometre spatial scale and with increasing water depth, even if below 1500m depth communities were more homogeneous both across and along depths. At a larger (100s kilometres) spatial scale, the comparison of two different continental slopes (Balearic and Sardinian slopes) revealed that macrofaunal standing stock, alpha and turnover diversity varied significantly between the two slopes. Overall, higher values of macrofaunal abundance, biomass and alpha diversity characterized the Sardinia slope compared to the Balearic slope. Along both slope systems the turnover diversity in macrobenthic species composition significantly differed between stations at different depth up to 1800 m. Below that depth, that is among stations at 1800m and 2400m water depth, the macrofaunal species composition appeared to be homogenous. Previous studies on a quasi-global scale observed the presence of a positively exponential biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship linking nematodes biodiversity and various deep-sea ecosystem functioning and efficiency proxies, which would mean a prevalence of mutualistic interactions in deep-sea communities. The presence of a positive and significant relationship between the deep-sea macrofaunal biodiversity inhabiting the deep Mediterranean Sea and different measures of ecosystem functioning was observed here, at the largest spatial scale of investigation. The biodiversity was positively linked also to ecosystem efficiency and functional diversity, underlying that high diversified macrofaunal communities may carry on efficiently different functions of the deep-sea ecosystem and sustain the presence of a higher number of functional traits, that in turn can enhance higher levels of ecosystem efficiency. On a macroscale it’s possible to think to the presence of mutualistic interactions also for the deep-sea macro-fauna. When the BEF relationship was assessed at a smaller spatial scale (Sardinia slope), almost all the relationships detected during a first analysis, appeared not significant if the effect of environmental characteristics was statistically discarded. The co-variation of environmental factors at a local scale may overwhelm the specific effect of diversity and thus drive or make idiosyncratic the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning. Considering a spatial scale of 100s of kilometers and comprising both slope systems, positive and causal BEF relationships emerged. When the two investigated slope areas were considered separately and the effect of environmental features was discarded, opposite results have been reported. Along the Balearic slope, the relationships remained significant, leading to think to a causal nature of the relations between the macrofauna biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Along the Sardinia slope any BEF relationship subsisted, being overwhelmed by the environmental factors considered. That is that the larger the spatial scale considered, the higher the frequency of positive and highly significant BEF relationships. I can conclude that the shape, but in particular the strength, of the BEF relationships varied across different spatial scales of observation and environmental settings. When different spatial scales and environments (i.e. slope systems) were considered, different macrobenthic communities with disparate functional traits were involved each time. It may be possible that the different functional traits included and/or excluded at different spatial scales might have a certain influence in driving the relationships between biodiversity and functions of an ecosystem. Results emerged from the present study indicate that overall positive species interactions characterized the deep macrobenthic component inhabiting the Mediterranean basin. Nevertheless, these interactions and the enhancement of functions of the ecosystem may be highly sensitive to the spatial scale and system considered.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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