Bladder cancer is one of the cancers most commonly encountered by the urologist, making it the second leading cause of death among all cancers of the genito-urinary tract. More than 90% of malignant neoplasms of the bladder is represented by the carcinomas of the urothelial cells. The lack of reliable non-invasive procedures for early diagnosis, together with the complex biological heterogeneity that this tumor has in clinical practice, are the basis of decades of efforts of the scientific community in identifying cancer biomarkers, configurable as early indicators of the existence of the neoplastic process, to be used also for its long-term surveillance. In the light of these considerations, the need to identify some highly specific and sensitive biochemical and genetic markers in bladder cancer, to be valued, as well as in tissue fragments, even in biological fluids (urine and plasma), is still the focus of numerous scientific studies. The purpose of this work was to analyze the expression of serine protease HtrA1, which is known to act as a tumor suppressor in various solid tumors, in human urothelial bladder tissue under physiological and neoplastic conditions, in order to assess a possible alteration of its levels in presence of cancer. In addition, we wanted to extend the study to the analysis of biological fluids and evaluation of possible involvement of HtrA1 in the progression of the disease. In fact, more or less recent studies, showed how the HtrA1 is a molecule capable of exerting a control action on cell growth and proliferation and to induce cell death by stimulating apoptosis. We recruited for the study patients with urothelial bladder cancer at different grade and stage, healthy subjects and with cystitis. Of each individual, tissue biopsy samples were collected along with urine and plasma. The immunohistochemical studies carried out showed that HtrA1 is a molecule expressed in bladder urothelium under physiological conditions and in inflammatory diseases, such as bacterial cystitis. On the contrary, the protein was absent in urothelial carcinoma with different degree of malignancy and at different stages of infiltration, right from the earliest stages of visible appearance of the neoplasm. A different expression of HtrA1 between the pathological and normal tissues, despite similar levels of the transcript, was detected by Western blotting, which revealed the presence of two forms of HtrA1, a native form with the molecular weight of ~ 50 kDa and another, which originates by autoproteolysis from the native one, of ~ 38 kDa. Only the HtrA1 form with lower molecular weight showed a significant decrease in all analyzed pathological tissues compared to the healthy counterparts, proving to be suitable to be considered a good cancer biomarker. Since this protein was originally described as a secreted protease, we hypothesized that it might be secreted by the urothelium in the bladder cavity or by tissue into blood. Thus, we examined the presence of HtrA1 also in the urine and plasma of all patients enrolled, demonstrating a significant increase of the protein in the urine and plasma of cancer patients compared to healthy subjects. The present work has therefore shown that HtrA1 may be considered a possible tissue and urinary/plasma biomarker, useful in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. In addition, data of molecular biology supported by the results obtained in vivo have suggested that, even in the human bladder, the HtrA1 can assume the role of tumor suppressor and that, probably, the normal urothelium adjacent to the tumor is responsible of the increase of HtrA1 in the urine of patients with carcinoma rather than the urothelium affected by cancer, perhaps as a protective response to disease progression.
Il carcinoma della vescica è uno dei tumori di più frequente riscontro da parte dell’urologo, rappresentando la seconda principale causa di decesso fra tutte le neoplasie del tratto genitourinario. Più del 90% delle neoplasie maligne della vescica è rappresentato dai carcinomi delle cellule uroteliali. La scarsità di procedure non invasive attendibili per la diagnosi precoce, cui va aggiunta la complessa eterogeneità biologica che questo tumore riscontra nella pratica clinica, sono alla base dei decennali tentativi della comunità scientifica nell’individuazione di biomarcatori tumorali, configurabili come indicatori precoci dell’esistenza del processo neoplastico, da utilizzare anche per la sua sorveglianza a lungo termine. Alla luce di tali considerazioni, la necessità di identificare nel tumore vescicale alcuni indicatori biochimici e genetici altamente specifici, sensibili e valutabili, oltre che su frammenti di tessuto, anche su liquidi biologici (urine e plasma), è tutt’oggi al centro di numerosi studi scientifici. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di analizzare l’espressione della serina proteasi HtrA1, che è nota fungere da soppressore tumorale in diversi tumori solidi, nel tessuto vescicale uroteliale umano in condizioni fisiologiche e tumorali, al fine di valutarne una eventuale alterazione dei livelli in presenza di neoplasia. Inoltre, abbiamo voluto estendere lo studio all’analisi dei fluidi biologici e alla valutazione di un possibile coinvolgimento dell’HtrA1 nella progressione della malattia. Infatti, studi più o meno recenti hanno dimostrato come l’HtrA1 sia una molecola in grado di esercitare una azione di controllo sulla crescita e proliferazione cellulare e di indurre la morte cellulare stimolando l’apoptosi. Sono stati reclutati per lo studio pazienti affetti da neoplasia vescicale uroteliale a diverso grado e stadio, soggetti sani e con cistite. Di ciascun individuo, sono stati raccolti campioni bioptici tissutali assieme ad urine e plasma. Gli studi di immunoistochimica da noi condotti hanno dimostrato che l’HtrA1 è una molecola espressa dall’urotelio della vescica in condizioni fisiologiche ed in patologie infiammatorie come la cistite batterica. Al contrario, la proteina è risultata assente in tutti i casi esaminati di carcinoma uroteliale con diverso grado di malignità e a differenti stadi di infiltrazione, fin dalle fasi più precoci di comparsa visibile della neoplasia. Una diversa espressione dell’HtrA1 tra i tessuti patologici ed i tessuti sani, nonostante simili livelli del trascritto, è stata evidenziata dall’analisi western-blotting, dalla quale è emersa la presenza di due forme dell’HtrA1, una nativa di peso molecolare di ~50 kDa ed una, che si origina per autoproteolisi della prima, di ~38 kDa. Solo la forma a più basso peso molecolare ha mostrato una diminuzione significativa in tutti i tessuti patologici analizzati rispetto ai sani, dimostrandosi idonea ad essere considerata un buon biomarcatore tumorale. Poiché questa proteina fu originariamente descritta come una proteasi di secrezione, abbiamo ipotizzato che essa potesse essere secreta da parte dell’urotelio nella cavità vescicale o dal tessuto nel sangue. Abbiamo quindi esaminato la presenza dell’HtrA1 anche nelle urine e nel plasma di tutti i soggetti reclutati, dimostrando un incremento significativo della proteina nell’urina e nel plasma dei pazienti con carcinoma rispetto ai soggetti sani. Il presente lavoro ha quindi evidenziato l’HtrA1 quale possibile marker tissutale e urinario/plasmatico utile nella diagnosi del carcinoma uroteliale della vescica. Inoltre, dati di biologia molecolare supportati dai risultati ottenuti in vivo ci hanno suggerito che, anche nella vescica umana, l’HtrA1 può assumere il ruolo di soppressore tumorale e che probabilmente sia l’urotelio normale adiacente a quello tumorale a determinare un aumento dell’HtrA1 nelle urine dei soggetti con carcinoma piuttosto che l’urotelio interessato dalla neoplasia, forse come risposta di protezione alla progressione della malattia.
La serin proteasi HtrA1: studio del suo potenziale ruolo di "biomarker" tissutale, urinario e plasmatico del cancro uroteliale vescicale umano e del suo possibile coinvolgimento nello sviluppo della malattia neoplastica / Paolinelli, Francesca. - (2013 Feb 18).
La serin proteasi HtrA1: studio del suo potenziale ruolo di "biomarker" tissutale, urinario e plasmatico del cancro uroteliale vescicale umano e del suo possibile coinvolgimento nello sviluppo della malattia neoplastica
Paolinelli, Francesca
2013-02-18
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the cancers most commonly encountered by the urologist, making it the second leading cause of death among all cancers of the genito-urinary tract. More than 90% of malignant neoplasms of the bladder is represented by the carcinomas of the urothelial cells. The lack of reliable non-invasive procedures for early diagnosis, together with the complex biological heterogeneity that this tumor has in clinical practice, are the basis of decades of efforts of the scientific community in identifying cancer biomarkers, configurable as early indicators of the existence of the neoplastic process, to be used also for its long-term surveillance. In the light of these considerations, the need to identify some highly specific and sensitive biochemical and genetic markers in bladder cancer, to be valued, as well as in tissue fragments, even in biological fluids (urine and plasma), is still the focus of numerous scientific studies. The purpose of this work was to analyze the expression of serine protease HtrA1, which is known to act as a tumor suppressor in various solid tumors, in human urothelial bladder tissue under physiological and neoplastic conditions, in order to assess a possible alteration of its levels in presence of cancer. In addition, we wanted to extend the study to the analysis of biological fluids and evaluation of possible involvement of HtrA1 in the progression of the disease. In fact, more or less recent studies, showed how the HtrA1 is a molecule capable of exerting a control action on cell growth and proliferation and to induce cell death by stimulating apoptosis. We recruited for the study patients with urothelial bladder cancer at different grade and stage, healthy subjects and with cystitis. Of each individual, tissue biopsy samples were collected along with urine and plasma. The immunohistochemical studies carried out showed that HtrA1 is a molecule expressed in bladder urothelium under physiological conditions and in inflammatory diseases, such as bacterial cystitis. On the contrary, the protein was absent in urothelial carcinoma with different degree of malignancy and at different stages of infiltration, right from the earliest stages of visible appearance of the neoplasm. A different expression of HtrA1 between the pathological and normal tissues, despite similar levels of the transcript, was detected by Western blotting, which revealed the presence of two forms of HtrA1, a native form with the molecular weight of ~ 50 kDa and another, which originates by autoproteolysis from the native one, of ~ 38 kDa. Only the HtrA1 form with lower molecular weight showed a significant decrease in all analyzed pathological tissues compared to the healthy counterparts, proving to be suitable to be considered a good cancer biomarker. Since this protein was originally described as a secreted protease, we hypothesized that it might be secreted by the urothelium in the bladder cavity or by tissue into blood. Thus, we examined the presence of HtrA1 also in the urine and plasma of all patients enrolled, demonstrating a significant increase of the protein in the urine and plasma of cancer patients compared to healthy subjects. The present work has therefore shown that HtrA1 may be considered a possible tissue and urinary/plasma biomarker, useful in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. In addition, data of molecular biology supported by the results obtained in vivo have suggested that, even in the human bladder, the HtrA1 can assume the role of tumor suppressor and that, probably, the normal urothelium adjacent to the tumor is responsible of the increase of HtrA1 in the urine of patients with carcinoma rather than the urothelium affected by cancer, perhaps as a protective response to disease progression.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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