Among the most common consequences of the obesity, especially of visceral obesity, there is the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Recent studies suggest that this condition is due to a state of mild chronic inflammation of adipose organ. It has been shown that the body fat of obese subjects is infiltrated by macrophages that appear toproduce cytokines (especially TNF- and IL-6) responsible for the insurgence of insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indeed, they interfere with the insulin receptor substrate 1, making it less efficient. It has been recently shown that the vast majority of macrophages that infiltrate adipose tissue localize around dead adipocytes, forming characteristic structures known as "crown-like structures". This phenomenon could be caused by an over-expansion of obese adipocytes. Visceral adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to this kind of death by providing a possible explanation of dangerous effects of visceral fat accumulation. The widely accepted hypothesis to explain the onset of type 2 diabetes, is that insulin resistance results from the need of a pancreatic overproduction of insulin that eventually exhausts the compensatory capacity of the islets of Langerhans finally leading to frank diabetes. Because of the growing epidemic of obesity, in the last years the surgical practice for the treatment of this disease has significantly spread. Bariatric surgery in the United States is the main cause of surgery. Unexpectedly the intestinal bypass operation in humans and in experimental models results in the improvement of diabetes in patients that underwent surgery before weight loss. The fact that the anatomical changes induced by surgery are able to restore insulin secretion provides further explanations for the mechanisms responsible for the shift from the condition of insulin resistance to that of frank diabetes by suggesting the occurrence of a phase of insulin secretion inhibition preceding the loss of material in the cells of Langerhans. In this study we investigated the islets of Langerhans both in genetically modified obese mice (ob/ob : no leptin; db/db: leptin receptor-free) and mice with obesity induced by high - fat diet (HFD) at 15 weeks of age, to assess the existence of structural conditions that could explain the mechanism by which bariatric surgery can improve acutely the impaired glucose metabolism of obese subjects and before the weight loss. Our results indicate that in parallel to 'weight gain that occurs in obese animals, a progressive hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans (phase compensation to insulin resistance) occurs, especially in genetically modified mice. This is accompanied by an increase of insulin resistance that in mice leads to frank diabetes as we observed in db/db mice. The occurrence of diabetes before an evident loss of substance in the islets of Langerhans suggests the evidence of a phase of inhibition of insulin secretion. The phenomenon is more severe in db / db mice compared with ob / ob and the HFD mice. The analysis of the islets revealed two aspects that could explain a progressive inhibition of insulin secretion: the significant and progressive increase of' parenchymal innervation of the islets of Langerhans by adrenergic fibers (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH - immunoreactive) and the redistribution of cellular intrainsular elements that are immunoreactive for neuopeptide Y (NPY). Both these aspects indicate that a progressive inhibition of insulin secretion possibly occurs before apoptosis leading to a depletion of anatomical insulin secretion. These data provide the hypothesis that bariatric surgery could promote cytophysiological intestinal mechanisms through the removal of those inhibitory elements. In addition, the presence of chemo-sensitive cells in the first section of the bowel wall suggests that these factors may be involved in determining the inhibitory phenomenon.
Una delle conseguenze più comuni dell’ obesità, soprattutto dell’ obesità viscerale, è l’insorgenza nell’adulto del diabete mellito di tipo 2. Recenti studi suggeriscono che esso sia dovuto ad uno stato di lieve infiammazione cronica dell’ organo adiposo. Si è visto che l’organo adiposo degli obesi è infiltrato da macrofagi che producono citochine (soprattutto TNF-e IL-6) che sembrano essere responsabili dell’ insorgenza dell’ insulino resistenza che precede il diabete mellito di tipo 2. Queste citochine infatti, interferiscono con il substrato 1 del recettore insulinico rendendolo meno efficiente. E’ stato recentemente dimostrato che la grande maggioranza dei macrofagi che infiltrano il grasso si dispongono attorno agli adipociti morti formando strutture caratteristiche denominate “crown-like structures”. Questo fenomeno potrebbe essere causato da un’ eccessiva espansione degli adipociti obesi. Gli adipociti viscerali sembrano più suscettibili a questo tipo di morte offrendo una possibile spiegazione agli effetti più morbigeni dell’ accumulo di grasso viscerale. L’ ipotesi generalmente accettata per spiegare l’ insorgenza del diabete mellito di tipo 2 è che la resistenza insulinica comporti la necessità di una iperproduzione di insulina pancreatica che a lungo andare esaurisce la capacità compensativa delle isole di Langerhans sfociando quindi nel diabete franco. A causa dell’ espansione epidemica dell’ obesità, negli ultimi anni si è diffusa notevolmente la pratica del trattamento chirurgico di questa condizione morbosa. La chirurgia bariatrica negli Stati Uniti costituisce la prima causa di intervento chirurgico. L’ operazione di by-pass intestinale ha evidenziato un risultato inatteso sia nell’ uomo che in condizioni sperimentali: il miglioramento del diabete nei soggetti operati prima della perdita di peso. Questo suggerisce nuovi meccanismi che portano dalla resistenza insulinica alla franca condizione diabetica in quanto la modifica anatomica indotta dalla chirurgia ripristina la secrezione insulinica, suggerendo che vi sia una fase di inibizione della secrezione che precede la perdita di materiale delle cellule nel pancreas. In questa tesi abbiamo indagato le isole di Langerhans in topi geneticamente obesi (ob/ob - privi di leptina; db/db – privi del recettore leptinico) e in topi indotti all’obesità madiante dieta grassa (HFD) a 15 settimane di età, per verificare se vi siano condizioni strutturali in grado di spiegare il meccanismo attraverso il quale la chirurgia bariatrica è in grado di migliorare in modo acuto e prima del calo ponderale, il metabolismo glucidico compromesso dalla condizione di obesità. I nostri risultati indicano che parallelamente all’ incremento di peso che insorge negli animali obesi, si assiste ad una progressiva ipertrofia e iperplasia delle isole di Langerhans (fase di compenso alla resistenza insulinica) soprattutto nei topi geneticamente modificati. A questo si accompagna un incremento dell’ insulino-resistenza che sfocia nel diabete franco come avviene nei topi db/db. Il diabete insorge prima di una evidente perdita di sostanza a livello delle isole di Langerhans suggerendo una fase di inibizione della secrezione insulinica. Il fenomeno assume maggiore gravità negli animali db/db rispetto agli ob/ob e agli HFD. L’ analisi delle isole rivela due aspetti che possono spiegare una progressiva inibizione della secrezione insulinica: il significativo e progressivo aumento dell’ innervazione parenchimale delle isole di Langerhans da parte di fibre adrenergiche (tirosina-idrossilasi immunoreattive) e la redistribuzione di elementi cellulari intrainsulari immunoreattivi per il neuopeptide Y (NPY). Entrambi questi aspetti possono indicare una progressiva inibizione della secrezione insulinica prima che intervengano fenomeni apoptotici in grado di determinare un esaurimento anatomico della secrezione insulinica. Questi dati suggeriscono quindi l’ipotesi che la chirurgia bariatrica possa promuovere meccanismi citofisiologici a partenza intestinale in grado di rimuovere tali aspetti inibitori. Inoltre, la presenza di cellule chemo-sensitive del primo tratto della parete intestinale suggerisce che tali elementi potrebbero essere implicati nel determinare il fenomeno inibitorio.
Caratterizzazione morfologica e immunoistochimica delle isole di Langerhans di topi obesi / Mondini, Eleonora. - (2012 Feb 27).
Caratterizzazione morfologica e immunoistochimica delle isole di Langerhans di topi obesi
Mondini, Eleonora
2012-02-27
Abstract
Among the most common consequences of the obesity, especially of visceral obesity, there is the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Recent studies suggest that this condition is due to a state of mild chronic inflammation of adipose organ. It has been shown that the body fat of obese subjects is infiltrated by macrophages that appear toproduce cytokines (especially TNF- and IL-6) responsible for the insurgence of insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indeed, they interfere with the insulin receptor substrate 1, making it less efficient. It has been recently shown that the vast majority of macrophages that infiltrate adipose tissue localize around dead adipocytes, forming characteristic structures known as "crown-like structures". This phenomenon could be caused by an over-expansion of obese adipocytes. Visceral adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to this kind of death by providing a possible explanation of dangerous effects of visceral fat accumulation. The widely accepted hypothesis to explain the onset of type 2 diabetes, is that insulin resistance results from the need of a pancreatic overproduction of insulin that eventually exhausts the compensatory capacity of the islets of Langerhans finally leading to frank diabetes. Because of the growing epidemic of obesity, in the last years the surgical practice for the treatment of this disease has significantly spread. Bariatric surgery in the United States is the main cause of surgery. Unexpectedly the intestinal bypass operation in humans and in experimental models results in the improvement of diabetes in patients that underwent surgery before weight loss. The fact that the anatomical changes induced by surgery are able to restore insulin secretion provides further explanations for the mechanisms responsible for the shift from the condition of insulin resistance to that of frank diabetes by suggesting the occurrence of a phase of insulin secretion inhibition preceding the loss of material in the cells of Langerhans. In this study we investigated the islets of Langerhans both in genetically modified obese mice (ob/ob : no leptin; db/db: leptin receptor-free) and mice with obesity induced by high - fat diet (HFD) at 15 weeks of age, to assess the existence of structural conditions that could explain the mechanism by which bariatric surgery can improve acutely the impaired glucose metabolism of obese subjects and before the weight loss. Our results indicate that in parallel to 'weight gain that occurs in obese animals, a progressive hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans (phase compensation to insulin resistance) occurs, especially in genetically modified mice. This is accompanied by an increase of insulin resistance that in mice leads to frank diabetes as we observed in db/db mice. The occurrence of diabetes before an evident loss of substance in the islets of Langerhans suggests the evidence of a phase of inhibition of insulin secretion. The phenomenon is more severe in db / db mice compared with ob / ob and the HFD mice. The analysis of the islets revealed two aspects that could explain a progressive inhibition of insulin secretion: the significant and progressive increase of' parenchymal innervation of the islets of Langerhans by adrenergic fibers (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH - immunoreactive) and the redistribution of cellular intrainsular elements that are immunoreactive for neuopeptide Y (NPY). Both these aspects indicate that a progressive inhibition of insulin secretion possibly occurs before apoptosis leading to a depletion of anatomical insulin secretion. These data provide the hypothesis that bariatric surgery could promote cytophysiological intestinal mechanisms through the removal of those inhibitory elements. In addition, the presence of chemo-sensitive cells in the first section of the bowel wall suggests that these factors may be involved in determining the inhibitory phenomenon.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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