Enzymes involved in NAD(P) metabolism are attractive targets for drug discovery against human diseases such as tuberculosis. NAD kinase catalyzes a phosphorylation of NAD using ATP or inorganic polyphosphates (poly(P)) as phosphoryl donors to give NADP. No other pathway of NADP biosynthesis has been found in the procariotic or eukaryotic cells. The validation of this enzyme as drug target is based on its essentiality in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as on differential structural features between mycobacterial and human enzyme. In order to find a compound able to selectively inhibit the M. tuberculosis NAD kinase, structure-based analyses of this enzyme, resulted in the design of the several modified NAD and poly(P) analogues. We found that dinucleoside disulfide mimics of NAD analogues are novel selective inhibitors of NAD kinases that bind at the NAD-binding domain of NAD kinases, but do not affect the majority of other NAD-dependent enzymes such as NAD dehydrogenase. Instead, the dinucleotide polyphosphates and poly(P) analogs showed a weak selectivity against mtNAD kinase because, while the human enzyme is strictly ATP-dependent, the mycobacterial can use polyphosphates as phosphoryl donors. The differences existing in the catalytic behaviour or in the substrate specificity between the mycobacterial and human enzyme, will be exploited for future design of new potent and selective antitubercular drugs. Inhibitors of human enzyme are also of interest as they can be used to reduce the critical supply of exogenous NADPH during oxidative stress and in cancer cells. Recently, it was suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase plays important roles in physiological and pathological angiogenesis making this enzyme an excellent target for anticancer therapy. The suppression of NADPH oxidase by inhibition of NAD kinase may show some anticancer effects. Finally, we search for another human NAD kinase gene. C5orf33, a putative NAD kinase, has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia Coli and partially purified to check the kinase activity.
Gli enzimi coinvolti nel metabolismo del NAD(P) rappresentano interessanti target per la ricerca di farmaci antitubercolari. La fosforilazione diretta del NAD da parte della NAD chinasi è l’unica via ad oggi conosciuta per la produzione di NADP in cellule sia procariotiche che eucariotiche. La validità di questo enzima come target farmacologico è basata sulla sua essenzialità nella vitalità di Mycobacterium tuberculosis, e sulle differenti caratteristiche fra gli enzimi batterico e umano. Allo scopo di trovare un inibitore selettivo per la NAD chinasi di M. tuberculosis, sono state eseguite analisi strutturali di quest’enzima, per il design di analoghi modificati del NAD e del poli(P). Gli analoghi dinucleoside disolfuro del NAD sono risultati inibitori innovativi selettivi per il sito attivo delle NAD chinasi. Gli analoghi dei dinucleotidi polifosfato invece, e del poli(P), hanno mostrato una debole selettività per la mtNADK in quanto, mentre l’enzima umano è strettamente ATP-dipendente, quello micobatterico è in grado di utilizzare anche il poli(P) come donatore di fosfato. Le differenze esistenti nel comportamento catalitico e nella specificità di substrato fra i due enzimi saranno sfruttate per l’identificazione di farmaci antitubercolari innovativi. Anche gli inibitori dell’enzima umano sono interessanti in quanto possono essere usati per ridurre l’apporto di NADPH esogeno durante stress ossidativo e in cellule tumorali. Recentemente, è stato proposto che le specie reattive all’ossigeno (ROS) derivanti dalla NADPH ossidasi svolgono un ruolo importante nell’angiogenesi fisiologica e patologica, rendendo quest’enzima un eccellente target per la terapia anticancro. La soppressione della NADPH ossidasi tramite l’inibizione della NAD chinasi potrebbe quindi mostrare effetti antitumorali. Infine è stata indagata l’esistenza di un altro gene umano codificante per una NAD chinasi. La proteina C5orf33, una putativa NAD chinasi, è stata clonata ed espressa in Escherichia coli e parzialmente purificata per indagarne l’attività chinasica.
La Nad chinasi, enzima chiave della biosintesi del Nad(P)+ in mycobacterium tubercolosis, quale target per la progettazione razionale di nuovi inibitori ad attività antibiotica / Agostinelli, Samuele. - (2012 Mar 23).
La Nad chinasi, enzima chiave della biosintesi del Nad(P)+ in mycobacterium tubercolosis, quale target per la progettazione razionale di nuovi inibitori ad attività antibiotica
Agostinelli, Samuele
2012-03-23
Abstract
Enzymes involved in NAD(P) metabolism are attractive targets for drug discovery against human diseases such as tuberculosis. NAD kinase catalyzes a phosphorylation of NAD using ATP or inorganic polyphosphates (poly(P)) as phosphoryl donors to give NADP. No other pathway of NADP biosynthesis has been found in the procariotic or eukaryotic cells. The validation of this enzyme as drug target is based on its essentiality in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as on differential structural features between mycobacterial and human enzyme. In order to find a compound able to selectively inhibit the M. tuberculosis NAD kinase, structure-based analyses of this enzyme, resulted in the design of the several modified NAD and poly(P) analogues. We found that dinucleoside disulfide mimics of NAD analogues are novel selective inhibitors of NAD kinases that bind at the NAD-binding domain of NAD kinases, but do not affect the majority of other NAD-dependent enzymes such as NAD dehydrogenase. Instead, the dinucleotide polyphosphates and poly(P) analogs showed a weak selectivity against mtNAD kinase because, while the human enzyme is strictly ATP-dependent, the mycobacterial can use polyphosphates as phosphoryl donors. The differences existing in the catalytic behaviour or in the substrate specificity between the mycobacterial and human enzyme, will be exploited for future design of new potent and selective antitubercular drugs. Inhibitors of human enzyme are also of interest as they can be used to reduce the critical supply of exogenous NADPH during oxidative stress and in cancer cells. Recently, it was suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase plays important roles in physiological and pathological angiogenesis making this enzyme an excellent target for anticancer therapy. The suppression of NADPH oxidase by inhibition of NAD kinase may show some anticancer effects. Finally, we search for another human NAD kinase gene. C5orf33, a putative NAD kinase, has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia Coli and partially purified to check the kinase activity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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