Deregulation of gene expression is a hallmark of cancer. Although genetic lesions have been the focus of cancer research for many years, it has become increasingly recognized that aberrant epigenetic modifications also play major roles in the tumorigenic process. These modifications are imposed on chromatin, do not change the nucleotide sequence of DNA, and are manifested by specific patterns of gene expression that are heritable through many cell divisions, The best-known epigenetic marker is DNA methylation. The initial finding of global hypomethylation of DNA in human tumors was soon followed by the identification of hypermethylated tumor-suppressor genes. Moreover, we now know that DNA methylation occurs in a complex chromatin network and is influenced by the modifications in histone structure that are commonly disrupted in cancer cells. Early detection and risk assessment remain high priorities in oncology. Detection of hypermethylated DNA is considered a promising diagnostic tool in cancer because aberrant methylation events are abundant in tumors, occur early in the tumorigenic process, and different cancers exhibit specific hypermethylation patterns DNA methylation markers can also be used for disease classification, and to predict prognosis and response to therapy. Because of their dynamic nature and potential reversibility, epigenetic modifications are appealing therapeutic targets in cancer. We investigated global methylation and histone acetylation in 50 conventional clear cell renal carcinomas, treated with radical nephrectomy, to assess their possible role as diagnostic biomarkers. The features considered in this study were patient age, tumor size and grade, percentage of 5-methylcytosine and Acetyl-Histone (Lys 9) expression in tumor tissue. All considered parameters were correlated with patient specific survival. The mean percentage of global cellular methylation in tumoral tissue was significantly higher compared to normal peritumoral tissue, while the intensity of cellular methylation was significantly higher in normal tissues than in tumoral tissue. The mean percentage of histone cellular acetylation in tumoral tissue was significantly lower compared to normal peritumoral tissue, while the intensity of mean acetylation in neoplastic tissue was similar to the normal tissue. Fuhrman grade resulted to be statistically significant for prognosis. Global DNA methylation and histone acetylation in tumoral tissue did not correlate with survival. The percentage of global DNA methylation was significantly higher in grades 3 and 4 tumors. Fuhrman grade is still considered the most important factor for patient survival; the percentage of global methylation increases with increasing Fuhrman grade; global hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation can have a role as markers of aggressiveness.
La deregolazione della espressione genica rappresenta il segno distintivo delle neoplasie. Sebbene le lesioni geniche sono state oggetto delle più importanti ricerche scientifiche in campo oncologico degli ultimi anni, i ricercatori stanno acquisendo sempre maggiori certezze sul fatto che le modificazioni epigenetiche a livello del DNA giochino un ruolo di primo piano nel processo di oncogenesi. Tali modificazioni si verificano a livello della cromatina nucleare, senza alterare in alcun modo la sequanza nucleotidica delle basi azotate da cui è composto il DNA stesso, e si manifestano attraverso dei pattern specifici di espressione genica che risulta ereditabile attraverso successive divisioni cellulari. Allo stato attuale delle conoscenze, il marcatore epigenetico meglio noto è la metilaizone del DNA. L’iniziale scoperta di un livello ridotto di metilazione globale del DNA nei tumori, è stato subio accompagnato dalla identificazione di loci ipermetilati a livello dei geni oncosoppressori. Attualmente è inoltre noto che il pattern di metilazione del DNA si verifica in un background di complessità strutturale cromatinica ed è influenzato dalla modificazione della struttura degli istoni, comunemente alterati nelle cellule neoplastiche. Tutti gli studi oncologici si propongono come obiettivo la precoce identificazione delle lesioni neoplastiche e la determinazione del rischio evolutivo in termini prognostici. La possibilità di individuare zone di ipermetilazione del DNA è da considerarsi pertanto un promettente strumento diagnostico in campo oncologico dal momento che aberranti eventi di metilazione intervengono frequentemente all’interno del DNA delle cellule neoplastiche, verificandosi precocemente nel processo di oncogenesied è possibile che specifici pattern di ipermetilazione siano presenti in differenti neoplasie. Marcatori molecolari di metilazione possono inoltre essere utilizzati per ottimizzare le classificazioni delle neoplasie, per predire la prognosi dei pazienti oncologici e la risposta alla terapia. L’aspetto sicuramente più significativo è che in virtù della loro natura dinamica e della loro potenziale reversibilità, le modificaizoni epigenetiche possono rappresentare dei bersagli terapeutici nella cura delle neoplasie. Dal momento che interessanti studi molecolari hanno individuato la presenza dei marcatori epigenetici anche nelle neoplasie urologiche ed, in particolare, anche in quelle del rene, nel nostro lavoro abbiamo analizzato lo stato di metilazione globale e di acetilazione istonica in 50 carcinomi renali a cellule chiare sottoposti ad interventi di chirurgia radicale, allo scopo di valutare il loro valore diagnostico e prognostico, accanto ai consueti parametri clinico-patologici. Dal nostro studio è emerso che la percentuale media di metilazione globale del DNA era significativamente maggiore nel tessuto neoplastico rispetto a quello sano, mentre la acetilazione istonica è risultata minore nelle cellule neoplastiche rispetto a quelle non neoplastiche del parenchima renale circostante. Sebbene non sia emersa una correlazione statisticamente significativa con la sopravvivenza, il livello di metilazione globale del DNA è risultato maggiore nei pazienti con carcinomi di grado istologico peggiore indicando che, al di là del grado istologico di Fuhrman, il pattern di metilaizone globale e di acetilazione istonica rappresentino dei possibili marcatori di aggressività nei carcinomi renali a cellule chiare.
Ruolo della metilazione e della acetilazione del DNA nel carcinoma renale a cellule chiare: analisi di 50 pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia radicale con lungo follow-up / Filosa, Alessandra. - (2011 Jan 24).
Ruolo della metilazione e della acetilazione del DNA nel carcinoma renale a cellule chiare: analisi di 50 pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia radicale con lungo follow-up
Filosa, Alessandra
2011-01-24
Abstract
Deregulation of gene expression is a hallmark of cancer. Although genetic lesions have been the focus of cancer research for many years, it has become increasingly recognized that aberrant epigenetic modifications also play major roles in the tumorigenic process. These modifications are imposed on chromatin, do not change the nucleotide sequence of DNA, and are manifested by specific patterns of gene expression that are heritable through many cell divisions, The best-known epigenetic marker is DNA methylation. The initial finding of global hypomethylation of DNA in human tumors was soon followed by the identification of hypermethylated tumor-suppressor genes. Moreover, we now know that DNA methylation occurs in a complex chromatin network and is influenced by the modifications in histone structure that are commonly disrupted in cancer cells. Early detection and risk assessment remain high priorities in oncology. Detection of hypermethylated DNA is considered a promising diagnostic tool in cancer because aberrant methylation events are abundant in tumors, occur early in the tumorigenic process, and different cancers exhibit specific hypermethylation patterns DNA methylation markers can also be used for disease classification, and to predict prognosis and response to therapy. Because of their dynamic nature and potential reversibility, epigenetic modifications are appealing therapeutic targets in cancer. We investigated global methylation and histone acetylation in 50 conventional clear cell renal carcinomas, treated with radical nephrectomy, to assess their possible role as diagnostic biomarkers. The features considered in this study were patient age, tumor size and grade, percentage of 5-methylcytosine and Acetyl-Histone (Lys 9) expression in tumor tissue. All considered parameters were correlated with patient specific survival. The mean percentage of global cellular methylation in tumoral tissue was significantly higher compared to normal peritumoral tissue, while the intensity of cellular methylation was significantly higher in normal tissues than in tumoral tissue. The mean percentage of histone cellular acetylation in tumoral tissue was significantly lower compared to normal peritumoral tissue, while the intensity of mean acetylation in neoplastic tissue was similar to the normal tissue. Fuhrman grade resulted to be statistically significant for prognosis. Global DNA methylation and histone acetylation in tumoral tissue did not correlate with survival. The percentage of global DNA methylation was significantly higher in grades 3 and 4 tumors. Fuhrman grade is still considered the most important factor for patient survival; the percentage of global methylation increases with increasing Fuhrman grade; global hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation can have a role as markers of aggressiveness.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi.Filosa.doc
Solo gestori archivio
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza d'uso:
Non specificato
Dimensione
3.67 MB
Formato
Microsoft Word
|
3.67 MB | Microsoft Word | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.