The unsustainable nexus between land degradation and viticulture under the threat of climate change: Impacts and mitigation strategies in Italy

The present chapter introduces and discusses the notion of early desertification risk, intended as the last stage of land degradation, and leading to soil functional sterility, and a permanent loss of gross and net primary production, thus affecting agriculture and ecosystem services. Climate change, particularly in the Mediterranean region, has clearly exacerbated early desertification risk, affecting vineyards, which are crucial to the regional economy and environmental balance. Climate forecasts for Italy document a generalized increase in air temperature, basically altered precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme events, impacting grape production and quality. The present study explores the potential consequences of climate change on viticulture, including shifts in geographical distribution, wine quality, and crop yields. The complex interplay of climate variables hinders the prediction of the effects, making it difficult to discern the magnitude and direction of such impacts. Climate-induced phenomena, such as prolonged aridity and extreme weather events, can lead to land degradation, affecting soil fertility and causing intense soil erosion. The discussion emphasizes the need for adaptive measures such as efficient water management, conservative agricultural practices, and the identification of grape varieties and rootstocks suited to changing climatic conditions. Addressing the potential impacts of climate change on viticulture is crucial for maintaining the quality and productivity of vineyards in Italy.