Impact of odour emissions on public health: a review of regulatory framewoks and epidemiological evidence in Italy

Odorous emissions, primarily originating from industrial activities, livestock farming and waste management facilities, represent an increasing source of environmental disturbance and health concerns for exposed communities. Although odours are often perceived as subjective annoyances, recent scientific evidence suggests a possible association between chronic exposure to odoriferous substances and the onset of respiratory symptoms, sleep disorders, psychological stress and reduced quality of life. This review analyses the epidemiological literature of the last 20 years, assessing the strength of the association between exposure to odorous emissions and health impacts. The results highlight significant methodological gaps, including variability in exposure measurement and a lack of standardization in assessment protocols. However, consistent signals of negative health effects are emerging in populations residing near odour sources. The paper concludes by emphasizing the urgency of implementing shared guidelines and integrated monitoring strategies, as well as regional regulations, and the need for further longitudinal studies to clarify the causal mechanisms underlying the observed effects.