Comparing MVS and Gaussian Splatting for the 3D Reconstruction of Reflective and Texture-less Cultural Heritage Artifacts

This study presents a comparative analysis of Multi-View Stereo (MVS) and 3D Gaussian Splatting (GS) for the threedimensional reconstruction of cultural heritage artifacts characterized by reflective and texture-less surfaces, conditions that traditionally challenge image-based modeling techniques. Two case studies, a ceramic and a bronze head, were documented through controlled photographic acquisition and processed using both methods. Laser scanning served as a geometric benchmark for quantitative evaluation. Results demonstrate that GS provides more spatially homogeneous reconstructions and enhanced visual coherence, particularly in regions affected by specular highlights and low surface texture. Visual comparisons further highlight the potential of GS to deliver smooth, photorealistic renderings through its volumetric, viewdependent representation.