The Prognostic Value of Electrocardiographic Alternans in the Primary Prevention on Patients Having an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

Primary prevention therapy with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) may benefit in specificity evaluating the left ventricular ejection fraction together with other electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived cardiac risk indexes, such as ECG alternans (ECGA). ECGA, the ABAB morphology fluctuation of ECG waves (P wave/QRS complex/T wave), results in P-wave/QRS/T-wave alternans (PWA/QRSA/TWA). This work aims to validate ECGA prognostic value on ECGs acquired from ICD patients (Leiden University Medical Center Database). Thus, 82 controls (ICD therapy was not needed) and 40 cases (ICD therapy was needed) were enrolled. ECGA was analyzed by the enhanced adaptive matched filter method at rest and exercise. Median ECGA features (amplitude-Am, duration-D, area-Ar, magnitude-M) were computed over leads and ICD groups. ECGA ability to discriminate between ICD groups was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. Precordial leads allowed a better discrimination than all leads (higher AUC). QRSA, at both rest (controls/cases: Am=5/10 μV, D=33/45 beats, Ar=360/760 μV·ms, M=351/603 μV·beats) and exercise (controls/cases: Am=16/20 μV, D=55/57 beats, Ar=1280/1600 μV·ms, M=992/1316 μV·beats) has the best discriminant power, with AUC values higher than 0.7 at rest. ECGA feature normalization by the ECG mean amplitude was also considered. We can conclude that (1) ECGA predictive power is best expressed at rest, and QRSA seems to be the best ECGA form to identify patients who should benefit from primary prevention ICD therapy, (2) normalization seems not to improve our results.